{"id":263,"date":"2016-10-14T20:25:25","date_gmt":"2016-10-14T20:25:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/agrilife.org\/westtexasrangelands\/?p=263"},"modified":"2016-10-14T20:29:23","modified_gmt":"2016-10-14T20:29:23","slug":"are-cows-athletes-dr-travis-mulliniks-university-of-tennessee","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/westtexasrangelands\/are-cows-athletes-dr-travis-mulliniks-university-of-tennessee\/","title":{"rendered":"Are Cows Athletes? -Dr. Travis Mulliniks University of Tennessee"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dr. Travis Mulliniks, Assistant Professor in beef cattle nutrition and energy nutrition\u00a0University of Tennessee, poses a very interesting question.<\/p>\n

Read below for his incredible insight!!!! \u00a0Excellent work by Dr. Mulliniks!<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Beef cattle in the United States graze a variety of unique environments, which differ in climate, topography, and forage quality and quantity. These differences are accentuated by dynamic and unpredictable weather patterns and thus impact forage production and subsequently increase variability in cow performance. Animals commonly react to these variable conditions by initiating adaptive responses to cope with extreme conditions such as stress (Stott, 1981).\u00a0 To date, a tremendous amount of research has shown the benefit of adapted breeds of animals to certain environmental stressors.\u00a0 However, production practices that modify the production environment with purchased or harvested feedstuffs can buffer the coping mechanisms that livestock express. Furthermore, these production practices may start leading to less desirable and stagnant responses to environmental and physiological stresses.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Dr. Mark Petersen with the USDA-ARS Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory in Miles City, MT has preached that cows are athletes and should be managed accordingly. For most people, that seems like a crazy concept, but when you think about the amount of environmental pressure a cow is expected to perform under coupled with nutrient demands of lactation and reproduction, this concept becomes clearer. If athletes train to have an increased adaptive capacity and tolerance to stress, why don\u2019t we manage cows in a similar methodology to increase their adaptive resilience to environmental stresses?\u00a0 However, common livestock practices tend to manipulate livestock\u2019s nutritional environment to a degree that may completely buffer their capacity to become more adaptive and ultimately less energy efficient.\u00a0 In human fitness, an interesting aspect of skeletal muscle is its adaptability. If a muscle is stressed (within tolerable limits), it adapts and improves function.\u00a0 Conversely, if a muscle receives less stress than it\u2019s used to, it atrophies. Therefore, adaptation requires a systematic application of environmental stress that is sufficient enough to elicit an adaptation, but not so severe that a loss in production occurs.\u00a0 If the stress is insufficient to overload the body, then no adaptation occurs, which is where a lot of our cow-herd management practices leads us.\u00a0 So can we use a model for capacity adaptability and environmental stress to increase energy efficiency and longevity of the cow herd? \u00a0Is the \u201cfeed them to breed them\u201d mentality decreasing efficiency and\/or the cow\u2019s inherent capacity to cope with environmental stress?<\/em><\/p>\n

Research <\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Adaptive capacity confers resilience to nutritional insults, given that livestock have the ability to modify their nutrient requirements with minimal losses of production.\u00a0 Petersen et al. (2014) illustrated that cows experiencing a dynamic environment are coping with the change by altering nutrient requirements compared with those that are in relatively static surroundings. Conversely, cows managed in the more controlled situations or static environment have a decreased aptitude for energy utilization efficiency.\u00a0 To illustrate this, Mulliniks et al. (2015) utilized datasets from research stations in New Mexico and Tennessee.\u00a0 \u00a0Although, nutritional supply during the breeding season is much greater in TN, pregnancy rates were significantly less (88 vs 96% in TN and NM; respectively) in TN than in the nutrient restricted environment of NM.\u00a0 Input cost to achieve these production measures has to be taken into account in calculating efficiency differences.\u00a0 Current annual cost of production in Tennessee is $800\/cow; whereas New Mexico is roughly half at $440\/cow.\u00a0 In addition, Mayfield (2012) reports that longevity in the Tennessee herd was only 3.5 year, which is quite a bit lower than the 61% retention rate of the heifers remaining in the herd after 5 year of age (Mulliniks et al., 2013a).\u00a0 Thus, illustrating short- and long-term effects of adaptive capacity on cow-herd productivity.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

So what happens if we take environmentally adapted heifers out of their dynamic environment and develop them in a static nutritional environment? \u00a0\u00a0In New Mexico, Mulliniks et al. (2013a) showed the impact of programing animals to fit their given production environment. These researchers developed yearling beef heifers on native range receiving one of two protein supplements (low-rumen undegradable protein vs high-rumen undegradable protein) or a control set of heifers developed in a feedlot.\u00a0 During the developmental treatment period, heifers developed in the feedlot had increased average daily gain (1.5 lb\/d) from the initiation of treatments to the start of breeding compared with range-raised heifers consuming low-quality range with protein supplementation (0.58 lb\/d).\u00a0 Even with the low average daily gain until breeding, retention rate through 5 years of age for range-developed heifers fed a high-RUP supplement was 68% compared with 41% heifers fed a lower-RUP supplement and 42% for heifers developed in a feedlot (see\u00a0Figure 1 <\/strong>below).\u00a0 This study indicated the short- and long-term impact that developing heifers to fit their environment can have on biological and economic efficiency.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Figure 1.\u00a0<\/strong>Retention rate of heifers grazing native dormant range with two types of protein supplementation (36RUP and 50RUP) or fed a growing diet in a drylot. Values shown in breeding yr 1 are heifer pregnancy rates.\u00a0 Breeding years 2 through 4 are proportion of the original heifers treated that were remaining at end of breeding in yr 2, 3, and 4. Retention tended (*P <\/em>> 0.08) to differ among treatments in breeding yr 1 and 2, but was greater for 50RUP than 36RUP and DRYLOT cows in breeding yr 3 and 4 (**P <\/em>< 0.01). 36RUP = 36% CP cottonseed meal base supplement fed 3 d\/wk supplying 36% RUP; 50RUP = 36% CP supplement fed 3\u00d7\/wk supplying 50% RUP; DRYLOT = corn silage diet fed in drylot to gain 0.68 kg\/d. Adapted from Mulliniks et al. (2013).<\/p>\n

\"figure-1\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Flexible and opportunistic strategies are necessary for successful management in variable environments. Successful strategies have to be engrained in a clear understanding of the challenges facing the grazing animal and its natural abilities to meet and adapt to these challenges.\u00a0 For example, Mulliniks et al. (2012) illustrated over a 6 year period that not all animals need to be fed to achieve a target body condition score, which allows for utilizing body storage as a nutrient source during periods of energy deficiency to maintain reproductive competence.\u00a0 The cows from this study were offspring of cows that were managed in a low-input ($35 to 50 per cow per year in feed inputs) production system for multiple generations.\u00a0 Thus, pre-planned management strategies to allow for body weight loss during periods of moderate feed restriction followed by nutrient realimentation during period of increase nutrient supply can be used to improve efficiency of energy utilization (Freetly et al., 2008).<\/em><\/p>\n

The capacity for animals to cope with environmental changes depends on the degree of their metabolic flexibility (i.e., the phenotypic response to an environmental change).\u00a0 Having a high metabolic flexibility may be significantly tied to the adaptability to dynamically changing nutrient supply levels.\u00a0 Mulliniks et al. (2013b) illustrated the ability of livestock to modify metabolically in response to changes in nutrient availability was correlated to their timing of conception. Cows with elevated blood ketone concentrations, manifested from metabolic imbalance, prior to breeding season had a prolonged interval from calving to conception.\u00a0 Therefore, ketone concentrations may be a useful indicator of adaptive capacity during metabolically challenging physiological periods.<\/em><\/p>\n

Bottom Line<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Livestock are expected to survive, grow, reproduce, and cope in dynamic and unpredictable weather patterns that create diverse environmental challenges or a combination of challenges.\u00a0 However, if adaptive, flexible management is not utilized, static management in the face of a dynamic problem will not yield the most favorable long-term results. \u00a0With that being said, adaptive management is similar to the \u201cbend but don\u2019t break\u201d philosophy.\u00a0 You allow a defined amount of stress to elicit an increased capacity to respond positively to the stress.\u00a0 With dynamic swings in environmental conditions, exploiting the natural ability of livestock to adapt in response to periods of nutrient imbalances may be an alternative strategy to manipulating the production environment. Implementing this approach may subsequently enhance adaptive capacity to environmental stresses, while increasing economic and biological efficiency.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

Freetly, H. C., J. A. Nienaber, and T. Brown-Brandl. 2008. Partitioning of energy in pregnant beef cows during nutritionally induced body weight fluctuation. J. Anim. Sci. 86:3703-77.<\/p>\n

Mayfield, W. M. 2012. Evaluating the relationship between ultrasound-derived carcass characteristics and the production traits in Angus cattle. MS thesis. University of Tennessee, Knoxville.<\/p>\n

Mulliniks. J. T., A. G. Rius, M. A. Edwards, S. R. Edwards, J. D. Hobbs, and R. L. G. Nave. 2015. Improving efficiency of production in pasture- and range-based beef and dairy systems. J. Anim. Sci. 93:2609-2615.<\/p>\n

Mulliniks, J. T., D. E. Hawkins, K. K. Kane, S. H. Cox, L. A. Torell, E. J. Scholljegerdes, and M. K. Petersen. 2013a. Metabolizable protein supply while grazing dormant winter forage during heifer development alters pregnancy and subsequent in-herd retention rate. J. Anim. Sci. 91:1409-1416.<\/p>\n

Mulliniks, J. T., M. E. Kemp, R. L. Endecott, S. H. Cox, A. J. Roberts, R. C. Waterman, T. W. Geary, E. J. Scholljegerdes, and M. K. Petersen. 2013b. Does \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate concentration influence conception date in young postpartum range beef cows? J. Anim. Sci. 91:2902-2909.<\/p>\n

Mulliniks, J. T., S. H. Cox, M. E. Kemp, R. L. Endecott, R. C. Waterman, D. M. VanLeeuwen, and M. K. Petersen. 2012. Relationship between body condition score at calving and reproductive performance in young postpartum cows grazing native range. J. Anim. Sci. 90:2811\u20132817.<\/p>\n

Petersen, M. K., C. J. Mueller, J. T. Mulliniks, A. J. Roberts, T. DelCurto, and R. C. Waterman. 2014. Potential limitations of NRC in predicting energetic requirements of beef females with western U. S. grazing systems. J. Anim. Sci. 92:2800-2808.<\/p>\n

Stott, G. H. 1981. What is animal stress and how is it measured? J. Anim. Sci. 52:150-153.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dr. Travis Mulliniks, Assistant Professor in beef cattle nutrition and energy nutrition\u00a0University of Tennessee, poses a very interesting question. Read below for his incredible insight!!!! \u00a0Excellent work by Dr. Mulliniks!   Beef cattle in the United States graze a variety of unique environments, which differ in climate, topography, and forage quality and quantity. These differences… Read More →<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1058,"featured_media":265,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[12,13],"tags":[50,52,53,51],"class_list":{"0":"post-263","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-brush-management","8":"category-grazing-management","9":"tag-beef-cattle","10":"tag-grazing-management","11":"tag-herd-management","12":"tag-range","13":"entry"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAre Cows Athletes? -Dr. Travis Mulliniks University of Tennessee - West Texas Rangelands<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/westtexasrangelands\/are-cows-athletes-dr-travis-mulliniks-university-of-tennessee\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Are Cows Athletes? -Dr. Travis Mulliniks University of Tennessee - West Texas Rangelands\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dr. Travis Mulliniks, Assistant Professor in beef cattle nutrition and energy nutrition\u00a0University of Tennessee, poses a very interesting question. Read below for his incredible insight!!!! \u00a0Excellent work by Dr. Mulliniks!   Beef cattle in the United States graze a variety of unique environments, which differ in climate, topography, and forage quality and quantity. These differences... 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