{"id":216,"date":"2016-08-30T00:15:58","date_gmt":"2016-08-30T00:15:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/agrilife.org\/westtexasrangelands\/?p=216"},"modified":"2016-08-30T00:15:58","modified_gmt":"2016-08-30T00:15:58","slug":"prussic-acid-misconceptions-dr-ted-mccollum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/westtexasrangelands\/prussic-acid-misconceptions-dr-ted-mccollum\/","title":{"rendered":"Prussic Acid Misconceptions – Dr. Ted McCollum"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dr. Ted McCollum, Extension Beef Cattle Specialist with Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service, explains that\u00a0prussic\/cyanide levels when there is a frost\/freeze event is one of the most confusing and misleading statements in most extension and popular press articles. \u00a0Here’s the skinny on the actual facts brought to you by thee Dr. McCollum:<\/strong><\/p>\n

“The cyanide(prussic acid) in plants does not exist in a free, liberated state.\u00a0 The cyanide is part of a larger molecule called a cyanogenic glycoside. In members of the sorghum family this compound is Dhurrin; in chokecherries, wild cherries, mountain mahogany, among others, and the kernels of almonds, peaches, \u00a0apricots and apples this is Amygdalin (laetrile) and Prunasin; in cassava, white clover, flax and lima beans this is Linamarin. \u00a0These compounds themselves are harmless; the breakdown and liberation of the cyanide is the insult. \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

A hand grenade represents a \u201cpotential\u201d explosion.\u00a0 As long as the pin is in place and the lever (trigger) has not been released that \u201cpotential\u201d is not realized; the grenade is harmless.\u00a0 But when the pin is pulled and the trigger is released and the fuse activates and catalyzes the explosion, the potential is realized and potential harm ensues. \u00a0The cyanogenic glycoside is like the hand grenade.\u00a0 \u00a0As long as the cyanogenic glycoside remains intact there is only the potential for toxicity; this is sometimes referred to as \u201ccyanide potential\u201d.\u00a0 In order for the potential to be realized, something has to trigger the enzymatic action to liberate the cyanide molecule from the glycoside. \u00a0\u00a0The beta-glucosidase enzymes that liberate cyanide from the parent glycoside are found in the plant tissue. In the intact plant tissue, the cyanogenic glycosides are found in vacuoles while the enzymes are found in the cytosol.\u00a0 In order for the cyanide to be released the plant tissue must be damaged so that the glycosides and the enzymes come together. The enzymes are also produced by ruminal microbes. \u00a0Cutting, crimping, mastication, trampling, hail damage, and frost\/freeze disrupt cellular structure and allow the glycosides and enzymes to mix and liberate cyanide from the parent glycoside.\u00a0 Introduction into the ruminal environment presents the glycosides to the microbial enzymes and releases cyanide.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

So back to the grenade, the cyanogenic glycoside is the grenade and represents \u201cpotential toxicity\u201d.\u00a0 The damage to the plant tissue or introduction to the ruminal environment pulls the pin and releases the trigger.\u00a0 The subsequent mixing of the glycoside with the enzymes activates the fuse and catalyzes the release of cyanide and a possibly toxic insult. \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Back to the freeze\/frost —\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

First, freeze\/frost causes tissue damage and will indeed result in an increase in the \u201cfree\u201d cyanide present in plant tissue (In fact, when analyzing cyanide in the lab, the forage samples are first frozen in order to release all of the cyanide; simply analyzing cyanide on fresh samples only indicates what is \u201cfree\u201d in the tissue). \u00a0But remember, when the animal bit, chewed and swallowed that same forage into the ruminal environment just hours before the freeze or frost, the same cascade of events occurred as when the standing forage was exposed freeze\/frost a few hours later.\u00a0 The potential for toxicity was always there, different events pulled the pin and released the trigger.\u00a0So, in order for a freeze\/frost to increase toxicity for ruminants (more later) as is stated in the many pubs, the freeze\/frost would have to actually stimulate dhurrin (cyanogenic glycoside) synthesis by the plant.\u00a0 In other words, the freeze\/frost would have to stimulate the plant to make more hand grenades.\u00a0I have searched for research to prove that freeze\/frost increases dhurrin synthesis (specifically dhurrin since that is the glycoside in sorghums, sudans, johnsongrass) in the plant.\u00a0 It is not there.\u00a0 I recently contacted Dr. Ros Gleadow from Australia who works in the area of cyanogenensis in plants and her response to my query was quote \u201cDhurrin is not synthesised in response to frost.\u201d\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

So, the plant does not make more hand grenades in response to frost\/freeze which goes back to Dr. Halliburton\u2019s comment which I have reworded with my interpretation of his meaning \u2013 The potential toxicity after the freeze was the same as the day before the freeze.<\/em><\/p>\n

I think some of the misinterpretation and source of information in the pubs stems from studies of long ago where the researchers collected plant samples before and after a freeze and analyzed the cyanide content of the forage tissue.\u00a0 However, they did not freeze the samples before they analyzed them.\u00a0 So, they did not release all of the cyanide before analyses.\u00a0 They found that the amount of \u201cFree\u201d cyanide was higher after the freeze.\u00a0 This is indeed true. BUT, they did not measure \u201ccyanide potential\u201d which is the real concern and as far as I have discerned, if they had measured cyanide potential they would have found no difference before and after the freeze.<\/em><\/p>\n

We typically deal with ruminants in these grazing forage situations.\u00a0 Ruminants are typically more susceptible to cyanide toxicity because (1) ruminal microbial beta-glucosidase activity, (2) ruminal pH near neutrality \u2013 the optimum pH for beta-glucosidase activity.<\/em><\/p>\n

What about nonruminants?\u00a0 Typically less susceptible to cyanide toxicity (1) no microbial activity in the first stage of digestion (2) acid pH in first stage of digestion slows\/eliminates beta-glucosidase activity in ingested forages.\u00a0 So when the nonruminant is ingesting forage with \u201ccyanide potential\u201d, they have some protection because the enzymatic activities that release cyanide are suppressed or absent.<\/em><\/p>\n

BUT, following a freeze\/frost, the possibility for toxicity in a nonruminant may increase.\u00a0 The frost or freeze has liberated the cyanide and the animal will be ingesting free cyanide.\u00a0 The other \u201cprotective\u201d mechanisms \u2013 no microbial digestion, acid pH in stomach \u2013 have been circumvented.”<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dr. Ted McCollum, Extension Beef Cattle Specialist with Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service, explains that\u00a0prussic\/cyanide levels when there is a frost\/freeze event is one of the most confusing and misleading statements in most extension and popular press articles. \u00a0Here’s the skinny on the actual facts brought to you by thee Dr. McCollum: “The cyanide(prussic acid)… Read More →<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1058,"featured_media":217,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[13,11],"tags":[40,39,41],"class_list":{"0":"post-216","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-grazing-management","8":"category-plant-id","9":"tag-grazing","10":"tag-prussic-acid","11":"tag-range-nutrition","12":"entry"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPrussic Acid Misconceptions - Dr. Ted McCollum - West Texas Rangelands<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/westtexasrangelands\/prussic-acid-misconceptions-dr-ted-mccollum\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Prussic Acid Misconceptions - Dr. Ted McCollum - West Texas Rangelands\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dr. Ted McCollum, Extension Beef Cattle Specialist with Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service, explains that\u00a0prussic\/cyanide levels when there is a frost\/freeze event is one of the most confusing and misleading statements in most extension and popular press articles. \u00a0Here’s the skinny on the actual facts brought to you by thee Dr. McCollum: “The cyanide(prussic acid)... 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