{"id":2410,"date":"2023-12-11T16:01:07","date_gmt":"2023-12-11T16:01:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/?p=2410"},"modified":"2023-12-11T16:01:07","modified_gmt":"2023-12-11T16:01:07","slug":"iron-deficiency-symptoms-in-texas-field-crops","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2023\/12\/11\/iron-deficiency-symptoms-in-texas-field-crops\/","title":{"rendered":"Iron Deficiency &#038; Symptoms in Texas Field Crops"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Distinct iron chlorosis in plant leaves makes diagnosis easier<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Dr. Calvin Trostle, Extension Agronomy\/TAMU Dept. of Soil &amp; Crop Sciences, Lubbock, (806) 746-6101, <a href=\"mailto:ctrostle@ag.tamu.edu\">ctrostle@ag.tamu.edu<\/a><\/p>\n<p>December 2023<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Culberson Co. ag. agent Zach Schaefer and I visited this sorghum\/sudan field in early September (Fig. 1).\u00a0 From the road it was evident much of this field was heavily iron deficient.\u00a0 This issue is most common in Texas sorghums, both grain and forages, as all sorghums have poor iron uptake efficiency relative to other crops.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2023\/12\/Picture1-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2412\" src=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2023\/12\/Picture1-1-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2023\/12\/Picture1-1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2023\/12\/Picture1-1-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2023\/12\/Picture1-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2023\/12\/Picture1-1.jpg 1430w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Fig. 1.<\/strong>\u00a0 Yellow plants across a portion of this sorghum\/sudan field in Culberson Co. indicate severe iron chlorosis (deficiency) that is greatly restricting plant growth.\u00a0 In the far background the field is green and growing normally.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Classic Iron Deficiency Symptoms in Plants\u2014Interveinal Chlorosis<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Iron deficiency in plants is among the easiest of symptoms to identify.\u00a0 This is classic \u201cinterveinal chlorosis,\u201d or chlorosis (yellow) between the leaf veins, which remain green (Fig. 2).\u00a0 Also, iron is immobile within the plant.\u00a0 Thus, symptoms first appear on the youngest leaves.\u00a0 In the most severe cases the leaves can become bleached out to a pale color where even the veins are no longer green.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2023\/12\/Picture2-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2413\" src=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2023\/12\/Picture2-1-225x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"175\" height=\"233\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2023\/12\/Picture2-1-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2023\/12\/Picture2-1.jpg 476w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 175px) 100vw, 175px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2023\/12\/Picture3-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2414\" src=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2023\/12\/Picture3-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"142\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2023\/12\/Picture4.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2415\" src=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2023\/12\/Picture4-225x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"179\" height=\"239\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2023\/12\/Picture4-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2023\/12\/Picture4.jpg 477w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 179px) 100vw, 179px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Fig. 2. <\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0Iron deficiency in Texas crops.\u00a0 <u>Left<\/u>, sorghum\/sudan, Hudspeth Co.; <u>Center<\/u>, peanuts, Lamb Co.; <u>Right<\/u>, <em>Cannabis sativa<\/em> (industrial hemp), Lubbock Co.\u00a0 Sorghum\/sudan and hemp demonstrate common interveinal chlorosis with yellow leaf tissue between green veins.\u00a0 Severe iron deficiency in peanut has bleached the leaves in part due to major rainfall, flooding, and poor soil drainage which compounds iron deficiency (but alleviated by drying conditions and expanding root volume).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Role of Iron in Plant Nutrition<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Iron is an essential element for plant nutrition.\u00a0 Iron is necessary for production of chlorophyll which is the plant pigment that gives their green color and traps the light necessary for photosynthesis. \u00a0Other iron roles include numerous enzyme systems.\u00a0 When iron is limiting plants may be stunted.\u00a0 Under severe iron deficiency plants can die.<\/p>\n<p>Factors of Iron Deficiency<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>There is a wide variation among different plant species in plant root solubilization of iron, iron uptake, and internal translocation of iron among plant species. The sorghums are among the worst.\u00a0 Corn (maize) grown on the same ground as iron-deficient grain sorghum usually is OK.\u00a0 Hybrid pearl millet is sometimes a sensible substitute for sorghum forages as it has a different, more efficient root iron uptake mechanism.<\/li>\n<li>Soil iron is difficultly available with increasing soil pH above 7. Caliche (geologic calcium carbonates) and alkaline soils are prone to cause iron deficiency, especially in sensitive crops like the sorghums.\u00a0 Essentially all crop plants are subject to iron deficiency if conditions are favorable.\u00a0 High pH soil conditions exist especially in South Texas, then the Texas Blacklands (like the Houston Black clay), far west Texas, and the High Plains (Fig. 3).<\/li>\n<li>In addition to high pH, heavy rains and poorly drained (water-logged) soils can also induce intermittent iron deficiency. Once dry conditions return and the soil drains and dries then adequate iron uptake resumes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2023\/12\/Picture5.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2416 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2023\/12\/Picture5-300x296.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"296\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2023\/12\/Picture5-300x296.png 300w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2023\/12\/Picture5.png 414w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Fig. 3.<\/strong>\u00a0 Texas soil resources and tendency to produce iron deficient conditions for plant growth.\u00a0 (Range is dark, or severe to light, or very slight.\u00a0 (From SCSC-PU-088.)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Correcting Iron Deficiency in Plants<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>AgriLife Extension most often responds to questions about iron deficiency in an existing crop rather than a longer-term consideration of soils that are iron deficient.\u00a0 For most field crops it is difficult and inadvisable to treat the soil as the applied iron, even in chelate form (to maintain availability), is difficultly available\u2014and too expensive.\u00a0 Adjusting soil pH down from high pH is likely not feasible just to increase iron availability.<\/p>\n<p>The quickest means to address iron deficiency in an existing crop is a <u>foliar spray<\/u>.\u00a0 The choice of product, usually a chelate but also ferrous (the more soluble form of iron, Fe<sup>2+<\/sup>) sulfate, may depend on availability.\u00a0 This is a temporary fix in some cases.\u00a0 The immediate concern is to supply the crop with enough iron to abate acute iron deficiency to enable continued growth and development.\u00a0 More than one spray might be needed.\u00a0 Sometimes iron deficiency may appear in a young crop but as the root volume expands iron deficiency is alleviated.<\/p>\n<p>For longer-term solutions to iron deficiency, a farmer may submit a soil sample for s<u>oil testing <\/u>to include micronutrients.\u00a0 Then follow soil test lab advice for remediation if soil iron is deemed low.\u00a0 Crop consultants in the Texas High Plains also report that cattle manure, if available, will help improve iron availability for sensitive crops.\u00a0 More information on treating iron deficiency is noted below in \u201cFurther Information.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Iron Deficiency in the Home Landscape and Garden<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Among a wide variety of landscape and garden plants some will encounter iron deficiency.\u00a0 Symptoms are similar to field crops (rose from the Trostle home, Fig. 4).\u00a0 Like field crops, the plant response will depend on its susceptibility to low iron.\u00a0 There are two common means for treating iron deficiency in plants at home.\u00a0 First, for immediate iron deficiency consider a foliar spray that contains an iron chelate (and often other micronutrients like zinc, copper, and manganese).\u00a0 This could be either a pre-mix in a ready-to-use pump spray, or a liquid concentrate that you dilute then spray.\u00a0 For iron-deficient soils you can purchase iron chelate in solid form to either mix in your soil or create a drench to water the chelate in.<\/p>\n<p>If soil pH is high (especially if over ~7.5 you can thoroughly mix elemental sulfur (S) into your soil at about 1 lb. per 100 square feet to about 6 inches deep.\u00a0 (For potted soils this is about 10 grams of elemental S per 1 cubic foot.)<\/p>\n<p>Texas A&amp;M AgriLife Extension horticulture agents can provide further information correction of home landscape and garden iron deficiency.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2023\/12\/Picture6.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2417 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2023\/12\/Picture6-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2023\/12\/Picture6-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2023\/12\/Picture6.jpg 706w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Fig. 4.<\/strong>\u00a0 Iron deficiency in \u2018Mr. Lincoln\u2019 rose.\u00a0 (Calvin Trostle).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Further Information on Iron Deficiency and Correction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cIron (Fe) Deficiency in Texas Crops Made Worse by Wet Weather,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/lubbock.tamu.edu\/files\/2023\/09\/Iron-Deficiency-in-Texas-Crops-2023.pdf\">https:\/\/lubbock.tamu.edu\/files\/2023\/09\/Iron-Deficiency-in-Texas-Crops-2023.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<li>\u201cCorrecting Iron Deficiencies in Grain Sorghum,\u201d SCSC-PU-088 (originally 1996), access through <a href=\"http:\/\/AgriLifeLearn.tamu.edu\">http:\/\/AgriLifeLearn.tamu.edu<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Texas A&amp;M AgriLife Extension\/Department of Horticulture, \u201cIron Deficiency,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu\/vegetable\/problem-solvers\/cucurbit-problem-solver\/leaf-disorders\/iron-deficiency\/\">https:\/\/aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu\/vegetable\/problem-solvers\/cucurbit-problem-solver\/leaf-disorders\/iron-deficiency\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Distinct iron chlorosis in plant leaves makes diagnosis easier &nbsp; Dr. Calvin Trostle, Extension Agronomy\/TAMU Dept. of Soil &amp; Crop Sciences, Lubbock, (806) 746-6101, ctrostle@ag.tamu.edu December 2023 &nbsp; Culberson Co. ag. agent Zach Schaefer and I visited this sorghum\/sudan field in early September (Fig. 1).\u00a0 From the road it was evident much of this field was heavily iron deficient.\u00a0 This issue is most common in Texas sorghums, both grain and forages, as all sorghums have poor iron uptake efficiency relative to other crops. &nbsp; Fig. 1.\u00a0 Yellow plants&#8230; <span class=\"read-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2023\/12\/11\/iron-deficiency-symptoms-in-texas-field-crops\/\">Read More &rarr;<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1756,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[223,65,184],"tags":[264],"class_list":["post-2410","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-223","category-agriculture","category-iron-deficiency","tag-iron-deficiency-in-crops"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ 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this field was heavily iron deficient.\u00a0 This issue is most common in Texas sorghums, both grain and forages, as all sorghums have poor iron uptake efficiency relative to other crops. &nbsp; Fig. 1.\u00a0 Yellow plants... 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Dr. Calvin Trostle, Extension Agronomy\/TAMU Dept. of Soil &amp; Crop Sciences, Lubbock, (806) 746-6101, ctrostle@ag.tamu.edu December 2023 &nbsp; Culberson Co. ag. agent Zach Schaefer and I visited this sorghum\/sudan field in early September (Fig. 1).\u00a0 From the road it was evident much of this field was heavily iron deficient.\u00a0 This issue is most common in Texas sorghums, both grain and forages, as all sorghums have poor iron uptake efficiency relative to other crops. &nbsp; Fig. 1.\u00a0 Yellow plants... Read More &rarr;","og_url":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2023\/12\/11\/iron-deficiency-symptoms-in-texas-field-crops\/","og_site_name":"Texas Row Crops Newsletter","article_published_time":"2023-12-11T16:01:07+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1430,"height":1073,"url":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2023\/12\/Picture1-1.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"ahairston1","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"ahairston1","Est. reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2023\/12\/11\/iron-deficiency-symptoms-in-texas-field-crops\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2023\/12\/11\/iron-deficiency-symptoms-in-texas-field-crops\/"},"author":{"name":"ahairston1","@id":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/#\/schema\/person\/75ce22ba318c76c9243126b212cac520"},"headline":"Iron Deficiency &#038; Symptoms in Texas Field Crops","datePublished":"2023-12-11T16:01:07+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2023\/12\/11\/iron-deficiency-symptoms-in-texas-field-crops\/"},"wordCount":1037,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2023\/12\/11\/iron-deficiency-symptoms-in-texas-field-crops\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2023\/12\/Picture1-1-300x225.jpg","keywords":["Iron Deficiency in crops"],"articleSection":["2023","Agriculture","Iron Deficiency"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2023\/12\/11\/iron-deficiency-symptoms-in-texas-field-crops\/","url":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2023\/12\/11\/iron-deficiency-symptoms-in-texas-field-crops\/","name":"Iron Deficiency & Symptoms in Texas Field Crops - Texas Row Crops Newsletter","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2023\/12\/11\/iron-deficiency-symptoms-in-texas-field-crops\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2023\/12\/11\/iron-deficiency-symptoms-in-texas-field-crops\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2023\/12\/Picture1-1-300x225.jpg","datePublished":"2023-12-11T16:01:07+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/#\/schema\/person\/75ce22ba318c76c9243126b212cac520"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2023\/12\/11\/iron-deficiency-symptoms-in-texas-field-crops\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2023\/12\/11\/iron-deficiency-symptoms-in-texas-field-crops\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2023\/12\/11\/iron-deficiency-symptoms-in-texas-field-crops\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2023\/12\/Picture1-1.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2023\/12\/Picture1-1.jpg","width":1430,"height":1073},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2023\/12\/11\/iron-deficiency-symptoms-in-texas-field-crops\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Iron Deficiency &#038; 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