{"id":2289,"date":"2022-08-03T20:21:25","date_gmt":"2022-08-03T20:21:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/?p=2289"},"modified":"2022-08-03T20:21:25","modified_gmt":"2022-08-03T20:21:25","slug":"texas-am-agrilife-sorghum-tips-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2022\/08\/03\/texas-am-agrilife-sorghum-tips-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Texas A&#038;M AgriLife Sorghum Tips"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>If it Finally Rains\u2014Late Seeding Sorghum\/Sudan for Hay<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The drought across Texas is acute.\u00a0 I travelled across the state July 20-22.\u00a0 Only near Beaumont did pasture and range look somewhat satisfactory.\u00a0 Reports indicate forage is in short supply in Texas.\u00a0 Prices for hay are up and may climb more.\u00a0 Some livestock producers are reducing herd size or even selling all cattle.<\/p>\n<p>We do not know when it will rain.\u00a0 The long-term National Weather Service forecast for Texas projects continued dry conditions into Fall.\u00a0 For the next 7 days of August 1-7 only the Houston region and southeast Texas showing moderate chances of rain.<\/p>\n<p>Q:<em>\u00a0 Is it realistic that some late forage could still be planted in Texas for 2022?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>In a typical year we would not consider this now that July is over.\u00a0 For years I have suggested\u2014if not recommended\u2014when grazing and especially hay is limited, farmers in the Texas South Plains (Lubbock region) could plant sorghum\/sudan as late as August 1.\u00a0 If moisture is available and the seeding is established, then there is at least 2.5 months of growing season left.\u00a0 This can allow modest late-season forage production to help alleviate a forage shortage.\u00a0 AgriLife results from the distant past conducted at Bushland, TX (west of Amarillo) found good forage yields up to 3 tons\/acre dry matter planted as late as August 15, but a) there was nearly 5\u201d of rain in August, and b) the first 32\u2070F occurred about 17 days later than normal (Nov. 12<sup>th<\/sup>).\u00a0 For this year, in this region of the state, growers could consider late planted sorghum forages to at least August 7<sup>th<\/sup>\u2014dryland if it rains (recently received 3\u201d in some areas) or limited irrigation is used.\u00a0 (See below for other regions of Texas.)<\/p>\n<p>Q:\u00a0 <em>If I do get some rain (or am willing to use some limited irrigation), how late could I seed sorghum\/sudan in 2022?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Texas A&amp;M AgriLife has not tested these late plantings in most of the state.\u00a0 So, there is some conjecture in these suggestions.\u00a0 But if you get some starter rainfall, and believe more can and will come, then you could feasibly drill\/plant sorghum\/sudan as late as:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Texas High Plains, August 7, especially for the Lubbock region where the average first heavy frost\/light freeze is the first few days of November<\/li>\n<li>Rolling Plains to North Texas (Dallas\/Commerce region), August 10-15<\/li>\n<li>Central Texas to El Paso, August 20-25<\/li>\n<li>Coastal Bend to Uvalde region, Sept. 1-7<\/li>\n<li>Corpus Christi to Lower Rio Grande Valley, Sept. 7-14<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Understand these are guidelines<\/u>.\u00a0 We have a special situation, even a crisis.\u00a0 This could be modest growth at best\u2014if rains occur.\u00a0 But it could be worth the risk.<\/p>\n<p><u>What issues could arise<\/u>?\u00a0 There could be an early heavy frost that could shorten the window of potential growth. \u00a0Often it is not the first frost\/freeze that curtails growth rather substantially cool fall weather (highs in the low 70s, lows in the low 40s and lower). \u00a0We do not expect growth to be as robust as earlier plantings.\u00a0 Tropical storm season in coastal Texas could hammer a forage crop.\u00a0 It remains stifling hot and though you had planting moisture, it remains excessively dry.<\/p>\n<p>Input cost will continue to be high.\u00a0 Many farmers, especially with no cattle, would rather save inputs, available moisture for 2023.<\/p>\n<p>Q:\u00a0 <em>What sorghum\/sudan hybrids should be considered for late planting?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Use your seed dealer\u2019s basic or typical sorghum\/sudan.\u00a0 This may be called by other names:\u00a0 sorgo\/sorghum-sudan, three-way cross, sudangrass, haygrazer (but not forage sorghum).\u00a0 The earliest any of these would hit boot stage is about 60 days after planting.\u00a0 For this situation, you do not need brown midrib (BMR) sorghum\/sudan.\u00a0 It costs more to seed.\u00a0 Photoperiod-sensitive sorghum\/sudan is OK, but it too costs more for seed.\u00a0 The issue is forage production, <em>any<\/em> forage production.\u00a0 The timing of planting and duration of growth can produce 2 tons of dry matter per acre, more if conditions are good.<\/p>\n<p>Q:\u00a0 <em>What is a suggested planting seed rate\/density for late-summer seeding?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Again, AgriLife does not have data, but I suggest a seeding rate of about 2\/3 of what you would use if this was seeded under favorable conditions earlier in the year.\u00a0 If moisture remains marginal but you decide to plant in hopes it rains, a seeding rate \u00bd of normal is probably adequate.\u00a0 Typically, those seeding rates range from about 15 lbs.\/A dryland &amp; 25 lbs.\/A irrigated in the High Plains to a full bag (50 lbs.\/A) in Central Texas.\u00a0 Since this late planting has some risk, we don\u2019t need the high seeding rates.\u00a0 Perhaps 25 lbs.\/A for any location is Texas is a maximum.\u00a0 These suggestions assume seed that is about 15,000 to near 20,000 per lb.\u00a0 Some seed could be smaller (22,000 per lb. or more) so lbs. per acre seeding could be reduced some.<\/p>\n<p>There are situations it might be better to use a planter (see below) rather than a drill.\u00a0 If so, then seeding rate could be reduced by 2\/3 vs. a drill.\u00a0 A seeding rate as low as 60,000 (about 4 lbs.\/A) could be adequate if using a planter.\u00a0 This will help hold seed cost to a minimum.<\/p>\n<p>Q:\u00a0 <em>Would a planter be better than a drill in some circumstances?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Possibly.\u00a0 If you can get to moisture for an initial stand with a planter but not with a drill, then consider row-cropping the sorghum\/sudan.\u00a0 This is especially true if you have row-crop spacing of 32\u201d or less, and even better if you have planting capability at 20\u201d spacing.\u00a0 Also, if you may face planting into a lot of residue (a recently harvested corn or grain sorghum crop).\u00a0 If a planter can save you a major tillage operation ($$), then plant into that stubble without tillage. \u00a0And if you gather some stubble from a summer 2022 crop in your hay, we won\u2019t be picky this year. \u00a0If you have a no-till drill this may not be a consideration.\u00a0 What will give you good seed placement?\u00a0 If it rains more than difficult seed placement with a drill is less of a concern.<\/p>\n<p>Q:\u00a0 What are herbicide options for late sorghum\/sudan?<\/p>\n<p>Weed issues may be less for late-season planting.\u00a0 If the sorghum\/sudan has the right safener (Concep III, etc.) then <em>s<\/em>-metolachlor (Dual products) are a good choice.\u00a0 This is often paired with atrazine, but due to rotational considerations you may not consider atrazine.\u00a0 Typical options for grain sorghum herbicides could be suitable.\u00a0 But some of these products may not be labeled for forages in the sorghum family.\u00a0 Consult your chemical dealer or AgriLife Extension weed specialists in College Station, Corpus Christi, or Lubbock.<\/p>\n<p><u>Watch for possible residual herbicide issues<\/u> that might preclude seeding sorghum forages now.\u00a0 This is especially true if you have had little rainfall since application thus herbicide residual is more likely present.<\/p>\n<p>Q:\u00a0 <em>Will I need to apply expensive N fertilizer?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>I view this as a limited input situation.\u00a0 There will be no N application unless you get a good stand established and only then if moisture prospects are favorable. \u00a0(You got additional rain, or you are committing limited irrigation.)\u00a0 Otherwise, rely on residual fertility to start this late crop.\u00a0 If conditions are favorable, I would suggest a maximum of 50 lbs. of actual N per acre.\u00a0 N prices are still near $1 per actual unit of N.<\/p>\n<p>Q:\u00a0 <em>Are there other possible late-season forage crop species?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Hybrid pearl millet might be considered, but seed will likely cost more per acre to plant.\u00a0 The forage performs similarly, but it is probably a less fitting option.\u00a0 The seed is much smaller (70,000-90,000 per lb.) than sorghum\/sorghum sudan so planting depth is limited to about 1\u201d.\u00a0 Legumes species like forage cowpea are more expensive to plant.<\/p>\n<p>Q:\u00a0 <em>Why not wait several weeks and plant late summer\/early fall wheat or triticale?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>These small grains will not deliver the forage production to help alleviate an immediate short forage crisis.\u00a0 Remember\u2014wheat, triticale, oats, etc. are <em>cool-season<\/em> crops.\u00a0 They are less efficient in hot weather.\u00a0 There can be heat-induced dormancy issues in some wheat varieties (though we are not sure which ones).\u00a0 Some industry staff consider triticale suitable for early (August) drilling due to relatively better gemination and establishment in hotter conditions.\u00a0 But that does not mean you should do it.\u00a0 These crops possibly use limited moisture too early in the season leading to inefficient water use and lower yield.<\/p>\n<p>Q:\u00a0 <em>If I get good growth when would I start grazing?\u00a0 When would I cut for hay?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>For most sorghum\/sudans, a general height for initial grazing is about 30\u201d.\u00a0 But do not grub the field as sorghum\/sudans, if there is time, will regrow.\u00a0 \u00a0If baling for hay then boot\/late boot stage is a good balance of forage quality and tonnage.\u00a0 The dry weather we are in may preclude the preferred growth stage for haying.\u00a0 There is more tonnage if it heads out, but the forage quality is less.\u00a0 Do not allow grain development.\u00a0 The goal is forage biomass.\u00a0 Supplemental protein and other nutrition can be added, if desired.<\/p>\n<p>Q:\u00a0 <em>Are there any downsides to baling current corn and sorghum stalks?<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em>Potentially, yes.\u00a0 Animals that graze a field leave most nutrients on the field through urine and feces.\u00a0 But haying is different.\u00a0 Forage removal is a pathway of significant nutrient loss from your cropping system.\u00a0 For example, if corn or grain sorghum stalks have low 5% crude protein on a dry weight basis, that is about 0.8% nitrogen.\u00a0 A ton of this hay removed from the field would contain about 16 lbs. of N.\u00a0 It costs about $1.00-1.10 per unit of actual nitrogen to replace.\u00a0 This is $16-18 per ton to replace the N.\u00a0 Then the value of phosphorus, potassium, and other minerals is usually about 25-33% (1\/4 to 1\/3) the value of the N.\u00a0 This suggests full replacement cost of the nutrients could be $20-25 per ton of hay.\u00a0 Is the price you are getting high enough to compensate you for this nutrient loss?\u00a0 Often it is not.\u00a0 Farmers don\u2019t factor in this replacement cost.\u00a0 $40 a ton might seem pretty good\u2014free money\u2014especially if someone else is paying for cutting, baling, hauling.\u00a0 But actually, less than half of those $40 is real profit.\u00a0 That is not such a good deal.<\/p>\n<p>Q:\u00a0 <em>What about potential nitrate and prussic acid poisoning in late-planted sorghum forages?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>This is a valid concern.\u00a0 There is not different consideration than regular sorghum\/sudan production for grazing and hay.\u00a0 Some of our understanding of prussic acid potential and actual threat to animal health is evolving with further research (possibly less an issue than often believed?).\u00a0 A recent summary from United Sorghum Checkoff program is entitled \u201cAvoiding Prussic Acid (cyanide) and Nitrate Poisoning in Drought Stressed Sorghum in Livestock.\u201d\u00a0 It is found at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sorghumcheckoff.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Avoiding-Prussic-Acid-and-Nitrate-Poisoning-in-Drought-Stressed-Sorghum-Final-Rev-2_FINAL.pdf\">Avoiding-Prussic-Acid-and-Nitrate-Poisoning-in-Drought-Stressed-Sorghum-Final-Rev-2_FINAL.pdf (sorghumcheckoff.com)<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Dr. Calvin Trostle, Extension Agronomy\/TAMU Dept. of Soil &amp; Crop Sciences, Lubbock, (806) 746-6101, <a href=\"mailto:ctrostle@ag.tamu.edu\">ctrostle@ag.tamu.edu<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>If it Finally Rains\u2014Late Seeding Sorghum\/Sudan for Hay The drought across Texas is acute.\u00a0 I travelled across the state July 20-22.\u00a0 Only near Beaumont did pasture and range look somewhat satisfactory.\u00a0 Reports indicate forage is in short supply in Texas.\u00a0 Prices for hay are up and may climb more.\u00a0 Some livestock producers are reducing herd size or even selling all cattle. We do not know when it will rain.\u00a0 The long-term National Weather Service forecast for Texas projects continued dry conditions into Fall.\u00a0 For the next 7 days&#8230; <span class=\"read-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2022\/08\/03\/texas-am-agrilife-sorghum-tips-2\/\">Read More &rarr;<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1756,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[202,65,217,10],"tags":[206],"class_list":["post-2289","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-202","category-agriculture","category-crops","category-sorghum","tag-sorghum-tips"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Texas A&amp;M AgriLife Sorghum Tips - Texas Row Crops Newsletter<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2022\/08\/03\/texas-am-agrilife-sorghum-tips-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Texas A&amp;M AgriLife Sorghum Tips - Texas Row Crops Newsletter\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"If it Finally Rains\u2014Late Seeding Sorghum\/Sudan for Hay The drought across Texas is acute.\u00a0 I travelled across the state July 20-22.\u00a0 Only near Beaumont did pasture and range look somewhat satisfactory.\u00a0 Reports indicate forage is in short supply in Texas.\u00a0 Prices for hay are up and may climb more.\u00a0 Some livestock producers are reducing herd size or even selling all cattle. 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Texas Row Crops Newsletter","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2022\/08\/03\/texas-am-agrilife-sorghum-tips-2\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Texas A&M AgriLife Sorghum Tips - Texas Row Crops Newsletter","og_description":"If it Finally Rains\u2014Late Seeding Sorghum\/Sudan for Hay The drought across Texas is acute.\u00a0 I travelled across the state July 20-22.\u00a0 Only near Beaumont did pasture and range look somewhat satisfactory.\u00a0 Reports indicate forage is in short supply in Texas.\u00a0 Prices for hay are up and may climb more.\u00a0 Some livestock producers are reducing herd size or even selling all cattle. We do not know when it will rain.\u00a0 The long-term National Weather Service forecast for Texas projects continued dry conditions into Fall.\u00a0 For the next 7 days... Read More &rarr;","og_url":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2022\/08\/03\/texas-am-agrilife-sorghum-tips-2\/","og_site_name":"Texas Row Crops Newsletter","article_published_time":"2022-08-03T20:21:25+00:00","author":"ahairston1","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"ahairston1","Est. reading time":"9 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2022\/08\/03\/texas-am-agrilife-sorghum-tips-2\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2022\/08\/03\/texas-am-agrilife-sorghum-tips-2\/"},"author":{"name":"ahairston1","@id":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/#\/schema\/person\/75ce22ba318c76c9243126b212cac520"},"headline":"Texas A&#038;M AgriLife Sorghum Tips","datePublished":"2022-08-03T20:21:25+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2022\/08\/03\/texas-am-agrilife-sorghum-tips-2\/"},"wordCount":1822,"keywords":["Sorghum Tips"],"articleSection":["2022","Agriculture","Crops","Sorghum"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2022\/08\/03\/texas-am-agrilife-sorghum-tips-2\/","url":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2022\/08\/03\/texas-am-agrilife-sorghum-tips-2\/","name":"Texas A&M AgriLife Sorghum Tips - Texas Row Crops Newsletter","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/#website"},"datePublished":"2022-08-03T20:21:25+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/#\/schema\/person\/75ce22ba318c76c9243126b212cac520"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2022\/08\/03\/texas-am-agrilife-sorghum-tips-2\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2022\/08\/03\/texas-am-agrilife-sorghum-tips-2\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2022\/08\/03\/texas-am-agrilife-sorghum-tips-2\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Texas A&#038;M AgriLife Sorghum Tips"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/#website","url":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/","name":"Texas Row Crops Newsletter","description":"Meeting AgriLife\u2019s Outreach Mission","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/#\/schema\/person\/75ce22ba318c76c9243126b212cac520","name":"ahairston1","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/6100fb6a0d96280a2cd1d35a52931aed95c6f99c103db541c4abd0ea32520ae1?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/6100fb6a0d96280a2cd1d35a52931aed95c6f99c103db541c4abd0ea32520ae1?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/6100fb6a0d96280a2cd1d35a52931aed95c6f99c103db541c4abd0ea32520ae1?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"ahairston1"},"url":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/author\/ahairston1\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2289","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1756"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2289"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2289\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2289"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2289"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2289"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}