{"id":2180,"date":"2021-09-02T14:30:47","date_gmt":"2021-09-02T14:30:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/?p=2180"},"modified":"2021-09-02T14:30:47","modified_gmt":"2021-09-02T14:30:47","slug":"end-of-season-heat-unit-accumulation-for-northerly-texas-sorghum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2021\/09\/02\/end-of-season-heat-unit-accumulation-for-northerly-texas-sorghum\/","title":{"rendered":"End of Season Heat Unit Accumulation for Northerly Texas Sorghum"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Dr. Calvin Trostle, Extension Agronomy, TAMU Dept. of Soil &amp; Crop Sciences, Lubbock, (806) 746-6101, <a href=\"mailto:ctrostle@ag.tamu.edu\">ctrostle@ag.tamu.edu<\/a>;<\/p>\n<p><em>This item originally appeared in the \u201cSorghum Insider,\u201d an online newsletter of the Texas Grain Sorghum Association.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>A crop consultant texted August 30th about a grain sorghum field near Plainview in Hale County, Texas.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>\u201cWould you spend any money on sorghum if it is still pre-boot near Plainview, TX?\u00a0 I am seeing 5 to 10 army worms per whorl.\u00a0 Could be devastating but not sure if the sorghum has time to reach maturity.\u00a0 Heading is expected in about 10 days.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>There is a long-time rule of thumb from the former grain sorghum breeding faculty at Texas A&amp;M AgriLife Lubbock.\u00a0 They suggested grain sorghum must be flowering (defined as \u201chalf bloom\u201d, when 50% of the plants in the field are at some stage of flowering) by Labor Day in order to make a good harvest.\u00a0 Typically, that would mean about another 5 weeks or so to reach black layer which is physiological maturity.\u00a0 But this depends on how warm it is, and how cool our nights get.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>First, Labor Day is a poor reference as it varies \u00b1 3 days.\u00a0 And if this rule applied generally at Lubbock, then Dimmitt, Hereford, Canyon, Dumas, Stratford are further north or northwest and accumulating fewer heat units.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The maturity of the hybrid may have an influence if the above grain sorghum hybrid is early or medium early maturity.\u00a0 Normally we need to be well into flowering at the latest by about Sept. 7 for Lubbock to be confident of reasonable maturity.\u00a0 This is what our last recommended planting dates are for different hybrid maturities, e.g., plant a medium maturity grain sorghum hybrid by June 30 at Lubbock, or June 25 at Dimmitt, about June 20 in the northeast Panhandle.\u00a0 (As for the army worms, as long as they are feeding above the growing point they won\u2019t have as much effect on yield unless they eat into the developing head and heavily defoliate the crop.)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Extension document \u201cSorghum Growth and Development\u201d at <a href=\"http:\/\/publications.tamu.edu\/\">http:\/\/publications.tamu.edu\/<\/a> lists Table 1 which gives heat unit accumulation for a short maturity and long maturity grain sorghum hybrids.\u00a0 We know there are some flaws in Table 1 comparing short vs. long-season hybrids.\u00a0 It would appear a normally developing grain sorghum hybrid needs about 1,000 heat units for a medium-maturity grain sorghum hybrids to develop from flowering to full maturity (black layer).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Grain sorghum degree days are calculated with a base temperature of 50\u00b0F and a maximum of 100\u00b0F.\u00a0 This suggests that there is no meaningful growth below 50\u00b0F or above 100\u00b0F.\u00a0 (For reference, cotton has a base temp of 60\u00b0F.)\u00a0 What chance does a hybrid flowering on Sept. 7 at Lubbock or Plainview have of making maturity or another location in the northern Rolling Plains or anywhere in the Texas High Plains?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Table 1.<\/strong>\u00a0 Average monthly hi\/low temperatures and first average freeze date, selected Texas locations.<\/p>\n<p><u>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/u><\/p>\n<p>Sept. Average\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Oct. Average\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Average\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Monthly<\/p>\n<p>High\/Low\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 High\/Low\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 First\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Average Daily<\/p>\n<p><u>Location\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 County\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Temp (\u00b0F)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Temp (\u00b0F)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 32\u00b0F Freeze\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Heat Units\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/u><\/p>\n<p>September\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 October<\/p>\n<p>Amarillo\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Randall\/Potter\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 84 \/ 58\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 73 \/ 45\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Oct. 20\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 21\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 9<\/p>\n<p>Lubbock\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Lubbock\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 85 \/ 60\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 76 \/ 48\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nov. 1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 22\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 12<\/p>\n<p>Vernon\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Wilbarger\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 88 \/ 63\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 77 \/ 52\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nov. 9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 25\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 14<\/p>\n<p><u>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/u><\/p>\n<p><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/p>\n<p>If I use the Lubbock data for the above Plainview example, in simplistic fashion 23 days of September 7 to 30 is slightly less HU than the monthly average, so I use 21 HUs per day.\u00a0 For the first 10 days of October, I use 12 HU per day.\u00a0 So, (23 X 21) + (15 X 12) = 663 HU.\u00a0 That is not enough time.\u00a0 In fact, in this scenario to reach 1,000 heat units, I would need to flower about August 27.\u00a0 This example assumes there is low heat unit accumulation after about October 10 at Plainview.\u00a0 Sorghum maturation will be quite slow, and then a likely freeze before the end of the month.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>We know that late grain sorghum in the northern part of Texas and especially the High Plains can run into lack of maturity.\u00a0 It will depend on the year.\u00a0 You can\u2019t count on a warm open Fall or avoiding cool night-time temperatures in late September.\u00a0 Sorghum will be harvestable, but some grains, especially the lower part of the head and likely some tillers\u2014which flower later by up to 7 days\u2014may be immature hence reduced yield and lower test weight.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>\u201cWould you spend any money on sorghum if it is still pre-boot (Aug. 30<sup>th<\/sup>) near Plainview, TX?\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Probably not.\u00a0 I looked at the 10-day forecast for Plainview (Sept. 3-12).\u00a0 Temps are predicted to average 89\u00b0F &amp; 66\u00b0F for daily high\/low.\u00a0 That is 27 heat units per day which is good this time of year.\u00a0 But not enough to make a major difference.\u00a0 If the sorghum fights it out, better able if it is medium-early or early maturity.\u00a0 If does make suitable harvestable grain, good.\u00a0 But expectations are moderately low at best.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>I won\u2019t spend the money.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Late-Season Heat Units for Cotton &amp; Corn<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>These calculations are worked out, especially for cotton in Texas.\u00a0 If you would like more info. on late-season heat units in cotton and corn, contact Trostle for a referral.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dr. Calvin Trostle, Extension Agronomy, TAMU Dept. of Soil &amp; Crop Sciences, Lubbock, (806) 746-6101, ctrostle@ag.tamu.edu; This item originally appeared in the \u201cSorghum Insider,\u201d an online newsletter of the Texas Grain Sorghum Association. A crop consultant texted August 30th about a grain sorghum field near Plainview in Hale County, Texas. &nbsp; \u201cWould you spend any money on sorghum if it is still pre-boot near Plainview, TX?\u00a0 I am seeing 5 to 10 army worms per whorl.\u00a0 Could be devastating but not sure if the sorghum has time to&#8230; <span class=\"read-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2021\/09\/02\/end-of-season-heat-unit-accumulation-for-northerly-texas-sorghum\/\">Read More &rarr;<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1756,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[162,65,10],"tags":[193,194,195],"class_list":["post-2180","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-162","category-agriculture","category-sorghum","tag-end-of-season","tag-heat-unit-accumulation","tag-north-texas"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>End of Season Heat Unit Accumulation for Northerly Texas Sorghum - Texas Row Crops Newsletter<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2021\/09\/02\/end-of-season-heat-unit-accumulation-for-northerly-texas-sorghum\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"End of Season Heat Unit Accumulation for Northerly Texas Sorghum - Texas Row Crops Newsletter\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dr. Calvin Trostle, Extension Agronomy, TAMU Dept. of Soil &amp; Crop Sciences, Lubbock, (806) 746-6101, ctrostle@ag.tamu.edu; This item originally appeared in the \u201cSorghum Insider,\u201d an online newsletter of the Texas Grain Sorghum Association. A crop consultant texted August 30th about a grain sorghum field near Plainview in Hale County, Texas. &nbsp; \u201cWould you spend any money on sorghum if it is still pre-boot near Plainview, TX?\u00a0 I am seeing 5 to 10 army worms per whorl.\u00a0 Could be devastating but not sure if the sorghum has time to... 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A crop consultant texted August 30th about a grain sorghum field near Plainview in Hale County, Texas. &nbsp; \u201cWould you spend any money on sorghum if it is still pre-boot near Plainview, TX?\u00a0 I am seeing 5 to 10 army worms per whorl.\u00a0 Could be devastating but not sure if the sorghum has time to... 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