{"id":2129,"date":"2021-06-10T21:20:39","date_gmt":"2021-06-10T21:20:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/?p=2129"},"modified":"2021-06-10T21:20:39","modified_gmt":"2021-06-10T21:20:39","slug":"iron-fe-deficiency-in-texas-crops-made-worse-by-wet-weather","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2021\/06\/10\/iron-fe-deficiency-in-texas-crops-made-worse-by-wet-weather\/","title":{"rendered":"Iron (Fe) Deficiency in Texas Crops Made Worse by Wet Weather"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dr. Calvin Trostle, Extension Agronomy, TAMU Dept. of Soil & Crop Sciences, Lubbock, (806) 746-6101, ctrostle@ag.tamu.edu<\/a>;<\/p>\n

June 9, 2021<\/p>\n

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Much of Texas has experienced heavy rains, cloudy conditions, and water-logged soils since early May.\u00a0 Many crops will show signs of nutrient deficiency under such conditions.\u00a0 These include iron (Fe) and nitrogen.<\/p>\n

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Symptoms for N and Fe nutrient deficiency may be confused with each other.\u00a0 Nitrogen is mobile within the plant.\u00a0 N deficiency leaf symptoms are expressed in older leaves.\u00a0 This is usually a broad general pale color of light green trending toward yellowish.\u00a0 To help you remember this, recall that nitrogen is also mobile within the soil.<\/p>\n

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In contrast, iron deficiency is found in the youngest leaves.\u00a0 Iron is immobile in the plant, which is like iron in soils.\u00a0 It does not move.\u00a0 It is tied up by oxides of calcium (high pH) or aluminum (low pH, or acid soils).\u00a0 When iron becomes available again, newly emerging leaves will again be dark green.\u00a0 Older chlorotic leaves will not green up unless they receive a direct foliar feed.<\/p>\n

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Iron is often among the easiest nutrient deficiencies to diagnose.\u00a0 It has distinct \u201cinterveinal chlorosis.\u201d\u00a0 The leaf mid-rib and veins remain green and the tissue between the veins is yellow (Figs. 1-3).<\/p>\n

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Grain sorghum in more susceptible to iron deficiency than most crops (Fig 1).\u00a0 The iron uptake mechanism at the root relies on a plant-generated acid to lock with iron and facilitate transfer into the root.\u00a0 Other grasses do this better than sorghum.\u00a0 When you couple a poor iron uptake mechanism with high pH soils or wet\/water-logged soils, symptoms are more likely to occur relative to other grasses.<\/p>\n

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Broadleaf crops are subject to iron deficiency as well.\u00a0 Peanuts, for example, are more prone to waterlogged conditions than being absolute poor at iron uptake (Fig. 2).\u00a0 When wet conditions are coupled with high pH leaves can be nearly bleached out (light yellow to almost white).<\/p>\n

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Now that industrial hemp may be farmed in Texas there are numerous reports of iron deficiency in hemp as well (Fig. 3).<\/p>\n

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Managing fields that have been prone to heavy rains and extended wet weather may be as simple as waiting for the field to dry out and sunshine to return.\u00a0 As the soil dries and root volume continues to expand, many crop plants will grow out of iron deficiency.<\/p>\n

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A major concern, however, with iron is the potential effect on reproductive growth.\u00a0 As noted above, iron deficiency affects the youngest tissue on a stalk or branch.\u00a0 That is where reproductive growth for a flower and usually a seed occurs.\u00a0 Pronounced and prolonged iron deficiency can lead to stunting and reduced yield.<\/p>\n

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Fig. 1<\/strong>.\u00a0 Iron deficiency in grain sorghum expressing interveinal chlorosis.\u00a0 These smaller plants do not yet have an expansive root volume.\u00a0 Note also chalky caliche (calcium carbonate) fragments on the soil surface.\u00a0 This indicates likely pH > 7.8 to 8.3, which curtails iron uptake.\u00a0\u00a0 Notice the older smaller leaves are mostly solid green.<\/p>\n

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Fig. 2.<\/strong>\u00a0 Strong iron deficiency in peanut on younger leaves.\u00a0 Deficiency symptoms have almost surpassed interveinal chlorosis to solid yellow.\u00a0 Peanuts due to a taproot (deeper roots) seem more able to grow their way out of iron deficiency, but prolonged deficiency will limit yield.<\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Fig. 3.<\/strong>\u00a0 A newcomer to Texas crops, industrial hemp in 2021\u2019s May rainy spell has resulted in widespread iron deficiency.\u00a0 Evidence already demonstrates hemp\u2019s ability to grow out of the deficiency when dry, hot weather returns. \u00a0Still, moderate symptoms may call for the temporary aid of applying iron until we learn more about hemp in Texas and whether iron deficiency limits growth and yield.<\/p>\n

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Possible Solutions to Address Iron Deficiency<\/u><\/p>\n

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Field situations of broader iron deficiency may call for remediation (Fig. 4).\u00a0 Because iron is relatively insoluble in soils and iron chelates are expensive, it is not normally feasible to soil apply iron, especially when a moderate to severe deficiency must be relieved.\u00a0 The most feasible means of providing iron through the soil is manure or its compost.\u00a0 That is a long-term approach.\u00a0 It depends on source materials being readily available (chicken farms, feedlots, dairies, etc.).\u00a0 Soil-applied iron chelates are generally not effective as the chelate itself will decompose over time.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Most soil tests will flag Fe < 4 ppm as deficient.\u00a0 As there are no economical sources of soil-applied Fe available, the only options for correcting immediate Fe deficiencies are foliar Fe sprays in-season.\u00a0 If iron chlorosis has been observed during previous years in a field, iron fertilizer materials may be applied preemptively to the foliage through multiple sprayings early in the season.\u00a0 Table 1 gives suggested foliar treatments to correct iron.<\/p>\n

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Sorghums and Iron Deficiency<\/u><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Grain sorghum and sorghum family forages are by far the most likely Texas crop to encounter iron deficiency.\u00a0 Among forages, hybrid pearl millet can be substituted for grain sorghum as HPM has different iron uptake mechanism.\u00a0 It can grow well on moderately alkaline, high pH soils were iron would limit sorghums.\u00a0 For further information<\/strong> about iron in grain sorghum consult \u2018Correcting Iron Deficiencies in Grain Sorghum\u2019 L-5155,<\/strong> from Texas A&M AgriLife Extension, http:\/\/publications.tamu.edu\/<\/a> (see the \u2018Corn & Sorghum\u2019 section).<\/p>\n

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Fig. 4.<\/strong>\u00a0 Grain sorghum in low lying area of the field extending to the right for about 100 acres may benefit from an iron application.\u00a0 This dryland High Plains crop may not have the yield potential to justify an application of ~$15 per acre or more.<\/p>\n

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Table 1.<\/strong> \u00a0Suggested sources, rates, and timing of iron foliar sprays.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Deficiency<\/strong><\/td>\nProduct*<\/strong><\/td>\nProduct\/100<\/strong><\/p>\n

gals water<\/strong><\/td>\n

Product\/<\/strong><\/p>\n

Acre<\/strong><\/td>\n

Timing<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Iron<\/td>\nIron (ferrous**) sulfate (20% Fe)<\/td>\n20 lbs (2.5% solution)<\/td>\n1 lb. then 2-3 lbs.<\/td>\nFor early symptoms, apply 10-14 days after emergence \u2013 5 gals\/A over crop row. Follow w\/ additional applications @ 10-14 day intervals @ 10-15 gals\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Iron<\/td>\nIron chelate (10% Fe)<\/td>\n8 lbs. (1%)<\/td>\n0.4-0.5 lbs<\/td>\nSame as above<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

*Include a surfactant or other wetting agent.\u00a0 Product composition may vary.\u00a0 Select similar products or adjust mixing ratios to achieve comparable rates of nutrient application.\u00a0 Source<\/u>: \u00a0Updated information based on research results and recommendations through the Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service Soil, Water and Forage Testing Laboratory (http:\/\/soiltesting.tamu.edu<\/a>).<\/p>\n

**Ferrous iron is Fe2+<\/sup>, the reduced form of iron.\u00a0 When ferrous iron comes in contact with soil it will oxidize to highly insoluble ferric iron, Fe3+<\/sup>.\u00a0 The ferrous form is much more soluble and more readily taken up by plants through the leaf surface.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dr. Calvin Trostle, Extension Agronomy, TAMU Dept. of Soil & Crop Sciences, Lubbock, (806) 746-6101, ctrostle@ag.tamu.edu; June 9, 2021       Much of Texas has experienced heavy rains, cloudy conditions, and water-logged soils since early May.\u00a0 Many crops will show signs of nutrient deficiency under such conditions.\u00a0 These include iron (Fe) and nitrogen.   Symptoms for N and Fe nutrient deficiency may be confused with each other.\u00a0 Nitrogen is mobile within the plant.\u00a0 N deficiency leaf symptoms are expressed in older leaves.\u00a0 This is usually a broad… Read More →<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1756,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[162,65,179,184,22,1],"tags":[185,186],"class_list":["post-2129","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-162","category-agriculture","category-flooding","category-iron-deficiency","category-june","category-uncategorized","tag-iron-deficiency","tag-wet-weather"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nIron (Fe) Deficiency in Texas Crops Made Worse by Wet Weather - Texas Row Crops Newsletter<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2021\/06\/10\/iron-fe-deficiency-in-texas-crops-made-worse-by-wet-weather\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Iron (Fe) Deficiency in Texas Crops Made Worse by Wet Weather - Texas Row Crops Newsletter\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dr. Calvin Trostle, Extension Agronomy, TAMU Dept. of Soil & Crop Sciences, Lubbock, (806) 746-6101, ctrostle@ag.tamu.edu; June 9, 2021       Much of Texas has experienced heavy rains, cloudy conditions, and water-logged soils since early May.\u00a0 Many crops will show signs of nutrient deficiency under such conditions.\u00a0 These include iron (Fe) and nitrogen.   Symptoms for N and Fe nutrient deficiency may be confused with each other.\u00a0 Nitrogen is mobile within the plant.\u00a0 N deficiency leaf symptoms are expressed in older leaves.\u00a0 This is usually a broad... 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