{"id":2066,"date":"2021-03-01T04:37:24","date_gmt":"2021-03-01T04:37:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/?p=2066"},"modified":"2021-03-02T15:06:31","modified_gmt":"2021-03-02T15:06:31","slug":"freeze-damage-and-the-texas-wheat-crop","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2021\/03\/01\/freeze-damage-and-the-texas-wheat-crop\/","title":{"rendered":"Freeze Damage and the Texas Wheat Crop"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Dr. Calvin Trostle, Extension Agronomy, TAMU Dept. of Soil &amp; Crop Sciences, Lubbock, (806) 746-6101, <a href=\"mailto:ctrostle@ag.tamu.edu\">ctrostle@ag.tamu.edu<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Dr. Fernando Guillen-Portal, State Extension Small Grains Specialist, TAMU Dept. of Soil &amp; Crop Sciences, College Station, (979) 845-4826, <a href=\"mailto:fernando.guillen@tamu.edu\">fernando.guillen@tamu.edu<\/a><\/p>\n<p>February 26, 2021<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The cold temperatures in Texas in February\u2019s cold snap range from as low as -12\u00b0 F in the Panhandle to mid-single digits as far south as the Austin region.\u00a0 A few locations in Texas set all-time low records (Tyler, TX for one).\u00a0 Lubbock recorded -6\u00b0 F, only the third time below 0\u00b0 F since 1980, and the coldest since 1963.\u00a0 Furthermore, the temperature was below freezing for a full seven days at Lubbock (and much of that below 10\u00b0 F, allowing temperatures to potentially penetrate any canopy and into the ground.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Below are key points about this pronounced freeze on Texas wheat and other small grains.\u00a0 Our key points about the effects on the recent freeze on growth and development in wheat are taken from Texas A&amp;M AgriLife\u2019s \u201cWheat Freeze Injury in Texas\u201d document at <a href=\"http:\/\/wheatfreezeinjury.tamu.edu\">http:\/\/wheatfreezeinjury.tamu.edu<\/a> This document comments on the conditions and effects of prolonged freeze on wheat in the tillering stage and at other stages of growth.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The Texas wheat crop in South Texas and possibly into Central Texas (especially for early maturity varieties) was possibly at some stage of growth of jointing.\u00a0 We believe this wheat was the most susceptible to injury as the growing point would be at or above the soil surface.\u00a0 You can best tell by looking for hollow stems.\u00a0 If you find a hollow stem, then the growing point is above the hollow area.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Other small grains in Texas are also susceptible to the freezing conditions.\u00a0 Rye and triticale, however, are generally more cold tolerant than wheat, but oats and barley less so.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Key Considerations<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Temperatures were below freezing over much of Texas wheat for 6-7 days.<\/li>\n<li>We know of no wheat in the Texas High Plains that was close to jointing at the onset of the freeze. Probably not in the Rolling Plains either. \u00a0So, this lessens injury potential.\u00a0 South, Central, and possibly Northeast Texas might have some wheat that was beyond the tillering stage (jointing, or further development).<\/li>\n<li>Essentially all wheat varieties in the Texas High Plains and Texas Rolling Plains are grown several hundred miles to the north, so they do have cold tolerance.<\/li>\n<li>The fact that it had been so warm might make wheat more susceptible to freeze. For example, it was tied a record high of 80\u00b0 F in Lubbock on Super Bowl Sunday (Feb. 7).<\/li>\n<li>If you received some snow in the early part of the freeze, if it is not blown off the field then that can help protect the wheat. This is common cold protection for winter wheat in the Central Great Plains.\u00a0 This protection is good, and there is moisture for the wheat crop when it warms up.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Additional comments from \u201cWheat Freeze Injury in Texas\u201d on the conditions and effects of prolonged freeze on wheat in the tillering stage. These include:\n<ul>\n<li>The document suggests temperatures below 12\u00b0 F for at least two hours could cause some damage (leaf yellowing, leaf tip and leaf tip burn, silage odor, bluish color). These symptoms have only slight to moderate impact on yield. \u00a0We do not think 12\u00b0 F is that important as much winter wheat in the Texas High Plains is well below this temperature in different years.<\/li>\n<li>Low temperature and its duration, soil moisture, and wind can influence injury potential. Soils that are very dry enable the cold to penetrate further into the soil to the crown. \u00a0This is more likely in the droughted areas of Texas, especially in the High Plains region where the Drought Monitor shows some extreme and exceptional drought (<a href=\"http:\/\/droughtmonitor.unl.edu\">http:\/\/droughtmonitor.unl.edu<\/a>).\u00a0 If soil moisture is high then the foliage likely has a high moisture content and is more susceptible to freeze damage.\u00a0 So, for Texas, which factor in the recent freeze was more important.\u00a0 For North Texas, the Rolling Plains, the High Plains, and possibly the Concho Valley, the importance of the growing point\u2014still below the soil surface\u2014is much more important than possible loss of leaves due to freeze and burn.<\/li>\n<li>Leaf burn usually does not have a great impact on yield potential at the current stage of growth for most Texas wheat. The plants will develop new leaves. \u00a0This may be less so for wheat in South Texas.\u00a0 But even there, if much of the foliage is lost, and even a few growing points, the wheat can compensate with new tillers. \u00a0Inspect the base of the wheat plant (crown) below the soil line. \u00a0If it is turgid and green, there is no reason for concern.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>An aspect of major concern in the northern and High Plains part of the state is <u>drought-stressed wheat that is being grazed<\/u>. Grubbing the wheat down too much will curtail its ability to recover if moisture becomes available. \u00a0This is a case of \u201cless is more.\u201d \u00a0Less grazing\u2014hopefully, cattle can be moved off the wheat for a couple of weeks (do you have a place to go with them?), then return after moisture and jointing to catch the burst of early spring growth.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Regional Updates<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Central Texas<\/em><\/strong>\u2014Tyler Mays, AgriLife Extension Agent-IPM, Hill &amp; McLennan Counties, <a href=\"mailto:tyler.mays@ag.tamu.edu\">tyler.mays@ag.tamu.edu<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Winter storm Uri hit the Central Texas area with severe cold temperatures. \u00a0Some areas in the region got as low as -2\u00b0F degrees. \u00a0Thus, I anticipated severe freeze damage in wheat. Field scoutings in wheat fields in Hill County and northern McLennan Counties showed a varying degree of damage from negligible to severe leaf burn and growing point injury. The snow received in the area early in the storm along with most producers having finished N topdressing the week before the storm prevented further damage. An assessment on the degree of injury at the growing point of the plant indicated only 10% of plants with growing point damage (Figs. 1 &amp; 2). \u00a0Scouting one 1,700-acre fields of wheat indicated<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>79% of acres suffered minor damage with just the tips of the upper leaves being burned.<\/li>\n<li>15% suffered severe leaf burn but no damage to the growing points.<\/li>\n<li>6% suffered severe leaf burn with some growing point damage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"312\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"312\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/RIMG0091.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2078\" src=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/RIMG0091-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/RIMG0091-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/RIMG0091-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/RIMG0091-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/RIMG0091-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/RIMG0091.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/RIMG0104.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2079\" src=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/RIMG0104-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/RIMG0104-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/RIMG0104-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/RIMG0104-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/RIMG0104-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/RIMG0104.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Effect of freezing temperatures observed during Uri storm on growing point in the plant. Healthy (A) and (B) dead growing point.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"297\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"297\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"29\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/WB4699.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2081\" src=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/WB4699-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/WB4699-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/WB4699-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/WB4699-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/WB4699.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/Schronk-Softwheat.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2080\" src=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/Schronk-Softwheat-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/Schronk-Softwheat-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/Schronk-Softwheat-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/Schronk-Softwheat-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/Schronk-Softwheat.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. Overall view of leaf burn damaged cause by the freezing front. Hard red winter wheat variety \u201cWB Cedar\u201d (A), Soft red winter wheat variety \u201cTA8861\u201d (B).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Central Texas<\/em><\/strong>\u2014Dr. Fernando Guillen-Portal<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Winter wheat fields around College Station were exposed to freezing temperatures during the period of February 12 to February 19 (average of 26 \u00b0F). \u00a0Minimum temperatures within that period ranged from 6 \u00b0F to 30 \u00b0F. \u00a0Freezing conditions caused leaf burn damage in the crop to a varying degree. \u00a0Given that wheat was still at the vegetative stage and was covered by at least 4 inches of snow on Feb 10, freeze damage might not be of significance. \u00a0Preliminary observations at 10 days after the freeze on a winter wheat variety test at the TAMU Farm Lab (College Station) indicated a varying degree of sensitivity to leaf burn damage among varieties (Tables 1 &amp; 2, Figure 3). It is likely these differences in leaf damage relate to differences in variety growth rate, the most affected ones being the early maturity. \u00a0Overall, early observations suggest levels of damage caused by this unprecedented freezing front on wheat in South Texas was minimal.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Table 1.<\/strong> \u00a0Leaf burn damage caused by freezing temperatures in <u>hard red winter wheat<\/u> genotypes at the TAMU farm near College Station, TX (Feb 24, 2021).<\/p>\n<table width=\"337\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">Genotype<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">Source<\/td>\n<td width=\"132\">Leaf burn damage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">Gallagher<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">OSU<sup>\u2020<\/sup><\/td>\n<td width=\"132\">Very low<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">Smith&#8217;s Gold<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">OSU<\/td>\n<td width=\"132\">Very low<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">TAM 304<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">TAMU<\/td>\n<td width=\"132\">Very low<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">TAM W-101<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">TAMU<\/td>\n<td width=\"132\">Very low<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">TX16M9216<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">TAMU<\/td>\n<td width=\"132\">Very low<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">Skydance<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">OSU<\/td>\n<td width=\"132\">Moderate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"132\">WB4401<\/td>\n<td width=\"73\">Westbred<\/td>\n<td width=\"132\">Moderate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><sup>\u2020<\/sup>Oklahoma State University.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Table 2<\/strong>. \u00a0Leaf burn damage caused by freezing temperatures in <u>soft red winter wheat<\/u> genotypes at the TAMU farm near College Station, TX (Feb 24, 2021).<\/p>\n<table width=\"348\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\">Genotype<\/td>\n<td width=\"120\">Source<\/td>\n<td width=\"138\">Leaf burn damage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\">AGS 2055<\/td>\n<td width=\"120\">AgSouth Genetics<\/td>\n<td width=\"138\">Very low<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\">AGS 3040<\/td>\n<td width=\"120\">AgSouth Genetics<\/td>\n<td width=\"138\">Moderate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\">AGS 2024<\/td>\n<td width=\"120\">AgSouth Genetics<\/td>\n<td width=\"138\">Slight<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\">GW LA754<\/td>\n<td width=\"120\">Stratton Seed Co.<\/td>\n<td width=\"138\">Slight<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\">GW 6000<\/td>\n<td width=\"120\">Stratton Seed Co<\/td>\n<td width=\"138\">Slight<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\">GW 2032<\/td>\n<td width=\"120\">Stratton Seed Co<\/td>\n<td width=\"138\">Slight<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-3.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2068\" src=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-3-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-3-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-3-768x575.jpg 768w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-3.jpg 855w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Varying leaf burn damage observed Feb 24, 2021 in a field trial including hard red and soft red winter wheat genotypes planted Nov 11, 2021 at the College Station Farm Lab.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Northeast Texas<\/em><\/strong>\u2014Dr. David Drake, AgriLife Extension Agent-IPM, Hunt County, <a href=\"mailto:david.drake@ag.tamu.edu\">david.drake@ag.tamu.edu<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Temperatures have returned to normal and the snow melted. \u00a0A common question:\u00a0 \u00a0\u201cAre my fall planted crops damaged?\u201d\u00a0 The short answer is probably not. \u00a0There was a gradual hardening off by low temperatures.\u00a0 During the coldest temperatures (-1 or -2 F\u00b0) there was an insulating blanket of snow.\u00a0 Lastly the wheat and other small grains should have still been in the vegetative stage where they are more cold tolerant. \u00a0Some oat plants that are less winter hardy have freeze-burned leaves, but the crowns are still green (Fig. 4). \u00a0Annual ryegrass, barley, wheat, triticale, and cereal rye all should be fine. The more cold tolerant species are listed last.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>South Plains<\/em><\/strong>\u2014Dr. Calvin Trostle<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Wheat appears to not have been significantly damaged.\u00a0 The leaf burn observed is typical during winter (Fig. 5).\u00a0 On the fields I looked at no more than 20% of leaf matter has been lost to freeze burn.\u00a0 All wheat appears fine at the crown.\u00a0 Some fields are showing \u201cpseudo\u201d stems, which are rolled leaves.\u00a0 This is a precursor to jointing and the hollow stem stage (Fig. 6).\u00a0 Once the first few hollow stems appear, if cattle are grazing but grain harvest is planned then cattle need to be removed.\u00a0 Most of the<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>wheat is at Feekes 4 growth stage (beginning of erect growth).\u00a0 For Feekes growth stages, see <a href=\"https:\/\/wheatfreezeinjury.tamu.edu\/files\/Growth%20Stages%20of%20Wheat.pdf\">https:\/\/wheatfreezeinjury.tamu.edu\/files\/Growth%20Stages%20of%20Wheat.pdf<\/a>\u00a0 The growing point is below the soil surface and insulated from the coldest temperatures.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-4a.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2069\" src=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-4a-300x225.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-4a-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-4a-768x575.png 768w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-4a.png 872w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-4b.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2070\" src=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-4b-300x224.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-4b-300x224.png 300w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-4b-768x574.png 768w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-4b.png 876w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. Wheat partially insulated by snow, left; oats with upper leaves damaged by cold temperatures but plant tissue in the center above the crown is still green, right.\u00a0 (Hunt Co., Texas, Feb. 2021)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-5a.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2071\" src=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-5a-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-5a-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-5a.jpg 657w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-5b.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2072\" src=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-5b-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-5b-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-5b-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-5b.jpg 880w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 5.<\/strong>\u00a0 Modest leaf burn of Nov. 8 planted wheat, Lubbock Co. (left).\u00a0 Some leaves have curled and are dried out.\u00a0 The core of the plant at the soil line is green and undamaged.\u00a0 Dryland field with light leaf burn but otherwise healthy.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-6.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2073\" src=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-6-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-6-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-6-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-6-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-6.jpg 1193w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 6.<\/strong>\u00a0 More advanced dryland wheat growth showing a \u2018pseudo\u2019 stem, which consists of rolled leaves.\u00a0 This is not jointing though it may be a week or so away (Lubbock Co.).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Panhandle<\/strong>\u2014Dr. Jourdan Bell, Extension Agronomist, Amarillo, <a href=\"mailto:Jourdan.bell@ag.tamu.edu\">Jourdan.bell@ag.tamu.edu<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>I have checked wheat at Bushland Research Farm.\u00a0 Fortunately, wheat is at only Feekes 4 to Feekes 5 (strong erect growth, presence of pseudo stems) so it was less susceptible to freeze injury than if it was at a more mature growth stage. \u00a0We do have leaf burn, but the crown looks good. \u00a0However, dryland and grazed fields in the Bushland area exhibit greater injury as noted for the South Plains. Essentially if the wheat condition was poor prior to freezing temperatures, drought stress and over grazing compounded freeze injury. \u00a0Fortunately, the snow was received before we dropped to subzero temperatures as low as -15\u00b0F. \u00a0The snow stabilized soil temperatures (Fig. 7) and provided a blanket that protected the wheat from subzero air temperatures.\u00a0 It is amazing that although during and after the lowest air temperatures, soil temperature at the 2\u201d depth never dropped below 34\u00b0F.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-7.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2074\" src=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-7-300x243.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"243\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-7-300x243.png 300w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-7-768x621.png 768w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2021\/03\/fig-7.png 817w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 7.\u00a0 <\/strong>Soil temperatures at the 2\u201d depth at the Texas A&amp;M AgriLife Research Farm, Bushland, TX remained above freezing during the entire winter blast from Feb. 13 to Feb. 21.\u00a0 This protected wheat crowns.\u00a0 The lowest air temperature was -15\u00b0F the morning of Feb. 15.\u00a0 Once snow fell the 2\u201d soil temperature rose 2 degrees.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; Dr. Calvin Trostle, Extension Agronomy, TAMU Dept. of Soil &amp; Crop Sciences, Lubbock, (806) 746-6101, ctrostle@ag.tamu.edu Dr. Fernando Guillen-Portal, State Extension Small Grains Specialist, TAMU Dept. of Soil &amp; Crop Sciences, College Station, (979) 845-4826, fernando.guillen@tamu.edu February 26, 2021 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The cold temperatures in Texas in February\u2019s cold snap range from as low as -12\u00b0 F in the Panhandle to mid-single digits as far south as the Austin region.\u00a0 A few locations in Texas set all-time low records (Tyler, TX for one).\u00a0 Lubbock recorded -6\u00b0&#8230; <span class=\"read-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2021\/03\/01\/freeze-damage-and-the-texas-wheat-crop\/\">Read More &rarr;<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1756,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[162,17,171,1,172,11],"tags":[173],"class_list":["post-2066","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-162","category-february","category-freeze","category-uncategorized","category-weather","category-wheat","tag-2021-freeze"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Freeze Damage and the Texas Wheat Crop - Texas Row Crops Newsletter<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2021\/03\/01\/freeze-damage-and-the-texas-wheat-crop\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Freeze Damage and the Texas Wheat Crop - Texas Row Crops Newsletter\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"&nbsp; Dr. Calvin Trostle, Extension Agronomy, TAMU Dept. of Soil &amp; Crop Sciences, Lubbock, (806) 746-6101, ctrostle@ag.tamu.edu Dr. Fernando Guillen-Portal, State Extension Small Grains Specialist, TAMU Dept. of Soil &amp; Crop Sciences, College Station, (979) 845-4826, fernando.guillen@tamu.edu February 26, 2021 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The cold temperatures in Texas in February\u2019s cold snap range from as low as -12\u00b0 F in the Panhandle to mid-single digits as far south as the Austin region.\u00a0 A few locations in Texas set all-time low records (Tyler, TX for one).\u00a0 Lubbock recorded -6\u00b0... 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