{"id":2036,"date":"2020-10-13T15:02:45","date_gmt":"2020-10-13T15:02:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/?p=2036"},"modified":"2020-10-13T15:02:45","modified_gmt":"2020-10-13T15:02:45","slug":"fall-concerns-about-prussic-acid-nitrate-in-sorghums","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2020\/10\/13\/fall-concerns-about-prussic-acid-nitrate-in-sorghums\/","title":{"rendered":"Fall Concerns about Prussic Acid & Nitrate in Sorghums"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dr. Calvin Trostle, Extension Agronomy, TAMU Dept. of Soil & Crop Sciences, Lubbock, (806) 746-6101, ctrostle@ag.tamu.edu<\/a><\/p>\n

When our next Row Crops Newsletter is published in early November, a large portion of Texas will have seen heavy frost and a freeze on some sorghums.\u00a0 So, this is good time to update Texas on prussic acid (a plant form of cyanide) and nitrates in sorghums.\u00a0 These include sorghum\/sudans (haygrazers), forage sorghums, and also grain sorghum where cattle will graze after harvest or on drought-failed grain sorghum (Fig. 1).\u00a0 Sorghum after grain harvest and failed sorghum may still be green and growing.\u00a0 Thus, prussic acid and nitrate concerns remain valid.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Fig. 1.\u00a0 Droughted grain sorghum with insufficient grain filling for harvest.\u00a0 This field is being grazed.\u00a0 Poor growth suggests that nitrate accumulation is a possible toxic issue.\u00a0 Also, since many of the plants are still alive, an immediate rain could trigger regrowth which may potentially have prussic acid issues.<\/p>\n

After 22 years in the Texas High Plains I still learn nuances on this topic.\u00a0 Issues with prussic acid and nitrate have their exceptions, and blanket statements sometimes find exceptions, for better or worse.\u00a0 I note, too, our veterinary medicine community is sometimes unclear about these chemicals in sorghums (and nitrate can be an issue in other forages as well) and their effect on animal safety.<\/p>\n

Staff at Texas A&M\u2019s Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Lab regularly deal with prussic and nitrate issues in livestock.\u00a0 They note it is difficult to test for prussic acid in an animal (for example, sample the rumen) after mortality and measure prussic acid.\u00a0 A quick autopsy after death can much more readily identify symptoms of nitrate poisoning.<\/p>\n

Generally, concerns about prussic acid arise at the first moderate frost to light freeze in any sorghum family crop being grazed. \u00a0It is best to remove the cattle for at least a week.\u00a0 If a sorghum is cut for forage, the time it takes the forage to dry for baling is sufficient for prussic acid to dissipate from leaves and stalk.\u00a0 Dissipation from a large stalk is slower, but then that stalk takes longer to dry out.<\/p>\n

Nitrate is perhaps less considered as a potential health issue for livestock.\u00a0 Potential nitrate issues are not related to a frost or freeze.\u00a0 In my region of Texas nitrates are rarely an issue in a forage crop that is irrigated.\u00a0 The problem often is more pronounced when plants are stressed and not growing well.\u00a0 But they are still accumulating nitrate, primarily in the base of the stalk.\u00a0 Nitrates do not dissipate in a forage at the end of the season as a crop matures and dries down.\u00a0 They do not dissipate in a forage cut for hay.<\/p>\n

Texas A&M AgriLife information on the topic continues online at \u201cNitrates and Prussic Acids in Forages,\u201d https:\/\/soiltesting.tamu.edu\/publications\/E-543.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

The above document notes that nitrate poisoning can occur in several different species of forage crops as well as numerous weeds.\u00a0 The weed most likely to accumulate nitrate is pigweed (Palmer ameranth, carelessweed).\u00a0 We have plenty pigweed in much of Texas, perhaps even more so now since most pigweed is now resistant to glyphosate (Roundup).\u00a0 Animals in my region have died when feeding on excessive pigweed in baled sorghum\/sudan.<\/p>\n

Additional recommended information that further explains these topics was recently updated by Dr. Brent Bean, national sorghum agronomist, United Sorghum Checkoff Program, https:\/\/www.sorghumcheckoff.com\/news-and-media\/newsroom\/2020\/08\/12\/avoiding-prussic-acid-and-nitrate-poisoning\/<\/a>\u00a0 This document is a good read.\u00a0 One item of note on nitrate is some labs report as NO3<\/sub>–<\/sup> (the nitrate anion) but most report as \u201cnitrate-nitrogen\u201d or NO3<\/sub>–<\/sup>N.<\/p>\n

A Key Difference<\/strong><\/p>\n

As noted, prussic acid dissipates in properly cured hay whereas nitrate remains fixed.\u00a0 Both are a danger to grazing cattle.\u00a0 I commonly see problems in the understanding of prussic acid (which is mostly in the leaves, the first portion of standing forage cattle would consume), how to test it, and what test results mean.<\/p>\n

Recommended Testing Labs & Proper Sampling\/Shipping for Prussic Acid<\/strong><\/p>\n

There are many labs across Texas that can test for prussic acid and nitrate.\u00a0 You may prefer to use a lab that you can take the samples to directly, particularly for prussic acid.\u00a0 Prussic acid sample collection can be tricky.\u00a0 How the samples are handled can skew the results.\u00a0 Good results\u2014and the best interpretation of what these results mean\u2014I believe is found by using the services of Texas A&M\u2019s Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Lab (https:\/\/tvmdl.tamu.edu\/<\/a>).\u00a0 Their full-service labs are in College Station and Amarillo.\u00a0 Laboratory staff are keen on proper sample collection.\u00a0 They welcome your phone call to ensure you do this properly. \u00a0Regardless of what lab you may decide to use, I recommend you call in advance for their instructions on how to handle the sample.<\/p>\n

You can read TVDML\u2019s tip sheet for further advice about proper collection and shipping samples (even if not shipping to TVDML) especially for prussic acid testing at https:\/\/tvmdl.tamu.edu\/shipping\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dr. Calvin Trostle, Extension Agronomy, TAMU Dept. of Soil & Crop Sciences, Lubbock, (806) 746-6101, ctrostle@ag.tamu.edu When our next Row Crops Newsletter is published in early November, a large portion of Texas will have seen heavy frost and a freeze on some sorghums.\u00a0 So, this is good time to update Texas on prussic acid (a plant form of cyanide) and nitrates in sorghums.\u00a0 These include sorghum\/sudans (haygrazers), forage sorghums, and also grain sorghum where cattle will graze after harvest or on drought-failed grain sorghum (Fig. 1).\u00a0 Sorghum after… Read More →<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1756,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[115,65,156,10],"tags":[159,160,161],"class_list":["post-2036","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-115","category-agriculture","category-october-2020","category-sorghum","tag-fall","tag-nitrate","tag-prussic-acid"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nFall Concerns about Prussic Acid & Nitrate in Sorghums - Texas Row Crops Newsletter<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2020\/10\/13\/fall-concerns-about-prussic-acid-nitrate-in-sorghums\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fall Concerns about Prussic Acid & Nitrate in Sorghums - Texas Row Crops Newsletter\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dr. Calvin Trostle, Extension Agronomy, TAMU Dept. of Soil & Crop Sciences, Lubbock, (806) 746-6101, ctrostle@ag.tamu.edu When our next Row Crops Newsletter is published in early November, a large portion of Texas will have seen heavy frost and a freeze on some sorghums.\u00a0 So, this is good time to update Texas on prussic acid (a plant form of cyanide) and nitrates in sorghums.\u00a0 These include sorghum\/sudans (haygrazers), forage sorghums, and also grain sorghum where cattle will graze after harvest or on drought-failed grain sorghum (Fig. 1).\u00a0 Sorghum after... 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