{"id":1951,"date":"2020-05-13T20:41:25","date_gmt":"2020-05-13T20:41:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/?p=1951"},"modified":"2020-05-13T20:41:25","modified_gmt":"2020-05-13T20:41:25","slug":"summer-annual-forages-for-texas-sorghum-sudan-hybrid-pearl-millet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2020\/05\/13\/summer-annual-forages-for-texas-sorghum-sudan-hybrid-pearl-millet\/","title":{"rendered":"Summer Annual Forages for Texas\u2014Sorghum\/Sudan &#038; Hybrid Pearl Millet"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Dr. Calvin Trostle, Extension Agronomy, TAMU Soil &amp; Crop Sciences, Lubbock, TX<\/p>\n<p>(806) 723-8432, <a href=\"mailto:ctrostle@ag.tamu.edu\">ctrostle@ag.tamu.edu<\/a><\/p>\n<p>February 10, 2020<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>I have written previously for Texas Row Crops Newsletter about hybrid pearl millet (HPM) in May 2015 and June 2017.\u00a0 The focus of then was the tolerance if not near absence of sugarcane aphid (SCA) activity in HPM.\u00a0 We continue to regard HPM as a poor host for SCA.\u00a0 Additional evidence in several Texas locations since 2017 reaffirms this.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>For Texas forage growers, HPM remains a potential alternative to sorghum\/sudan (haygrazer) forages, which are susceptible to SCA.\u00a0 Some Texas seed companies may now have a sorghum\/sudan hybrid marketed with SCA tolerance.\u00a0 I have a grown a some of these in High Plains trials in 2018 &amp; 2019.\u00a0 SCA levels were low, including a \u2018check\u2019 susceptible sorghum\/sudan, relative to susceptible grain sorghum hybrids.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The bottom line is that producers concerned about SCA in sorghum forages may consider hybrid pearl millet, especially if you are not equipped to spray for SCA.\u00a0 This might more be the case for someone with small acreage or a livestock producer.\u00a0 I still recommend you scout the millet to ensure any SCA presence remains low.\u00a0 If there are no grain sorghum or sorghum\/sudan fields nearby you look at Johnsongrass to see if you notice SCA activity there.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Key Comparisons &amp; Contrasts of Sorghum\/Sudan &amp; Hybrid Pearl Millet<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Sorghum\/sudan is a highly versatile forage for Texas.\u00a0 It is relatively drought tolerant and grows well under a variety of field conditions.\u00a0 In contrast to forage sorghums, which are grown for large one-time harvests (usually silage), the retillering capacity of sorghum\/sudan (and HPM) is good (Figures 1 &amp; 2).\u00a0 This makes it an ideal fit for grazing or haying operations where regrowth is desired.\u00a0 Some Texas producers in Central and South Texas might be able to get even a third cut. \u00a0(Be sure to consider N fertilizer after cuts 1 &amp; 2.) \u00a0This is especially true if you are cutting for higher quality forage harvested no later than boot stage.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Fig.-1.-Axillary-buds-as-potential-tillers.-scaled.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1953\" src=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Fig.-1.-Axillary-buds-as-potential-tillers.-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Fig.-1.-Axillary-buds-as-potential-tillers.-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Fig.-1.-Axillary-buds-as-potential-tillers.-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Fig.-1.-Axillary-buds-as-potential-tillers.-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Fig.-1.-Axillary-buds-as-potential-tillers.-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Fig.-1.-Axillary-buds-as-potential-tillers.-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Figure 1.\u00a0 Axillary buds, one per node, in sorghum\/sudan can generate a new tiller hence forage regrowth after grazing or baling.\u00a0 Most tillers will emerge from the lowest nodes at the base of the stalk among the roots.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Fig.-2.-Retillering-Sorghum-sudan.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1954 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Fig.-2.-Retillering-Sorghum-sudan-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Fig.-2.-Retillering-Sorghum-sudan-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Fig.-2.-Retillering-Sorghum-sudan-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Fig.-2.-Retillering-Sorghum-sudan.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Figure 2.\u00a0 Retillering and regrowth in sorghum\/sudan after swather hay harvest.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>There are some different types of <strong>sorghum\/sudans<\/strong> on the market:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><u>Traditional <\/u>(or conventional) sorghum\/sudan. These are straightforward crosses that have been common for decades.<\/li>\n<li><u>Brown midrib<\/u> (BMR). These hybrids possess some visual traits (the midrib in the leaf is tan or brown, Fig. 3), but the distinctive feature is lower lignin content.\u00a0 Lignin is a structural component and helps the plant stand up.\u00a0 The lignin reduction could typically be 20% to 33% and possibly more.\u00a0 Most hybrids for BMR stand OK unless they become top heavy with a head of grain\u2014which you should not allow for a forage because the quality is much lower.\u00a0 The %TDN (total digestible nutrients) in BMR hybrids is generally somewhat higher than conventional sorghum\/sudans.\u00a0 Yields may be slightly lower, but in contrast the market value of BMR hybrids should be better per ton.<em>\u00a0 In several instances Texas A&amp;M AgriLife Extension has observed grazing preference for BMR hybrids when traditional hybrids were drilled in the same field.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><u>Photoperiod-sensitive<\/u> These hybrids will not enter the reproductive phase until September regardless of planting date (e.g., April 1 vs. July 1).\u00a0 These hybrids tend to produce higher tonnage, but the forage quality is consistently lower.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Some growth attributes of <strong>hybrid pearl millet<\/strong> offer advantages over sorghums.\u00a0 These include:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>HPM has a different iron uptake mechanism in the root. It is more able to acquire iron in high pH soils or where you have chalky\/whitish soils from caliche (geologic calcium carbonate).\u00a0 Sorghums of any kind often yellow up with classical iron deficiency symptoms to the point a farmer knows certain fields are not suitable for grain sorghum, sorghum\/sudan, etc.<\/li>\n<li>Hybrid pearl millet is not a member of the sorghum family. It does not develop prussic acid the way sorghums can after a) new summer growth due to rain or irrigation after strong drought stress where little growth is occurring, b) foliage injury due to frost or a light freeze in the fall.\u00a0 Grazing livestock do not need to be removed from HPM when the first fall frost or freeze comes.<\/li>\n<li>HPM is a leafier forage than sorghum\/sudan with a leaf:stem ration &gt; 1.<\/li>\n<li>Some caveats of hybrid pearl millet are: 1) Seed is much smaller (70,000-90,000 per lb.) and so drills need to be shut down to not overplant; seed likely can\u2019t be drilled as deep; 2) Forage yields tend to be lower than sorghum\/sudan unless strong drought conditions prevail where millet may become more productive.<\/li>\n<li>HPM is also available as a BMR hybrid from a few companies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Fig.-3-BMR-vs.-Conventional-midrib.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1955\" src=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Fig.-3-BMR-vs.-Conventional-midrib-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Fig.-3-BMR-vs.-Conventional-midrib-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Fig.-3-BMR-vs.-Conventional-midrib-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Fig.-3-BMR-vs.-Conventional-midrib-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Fig.-3-BMR-vs.-Conventional-midrib-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Fig.-3-BMR-vs.-Conventional-midrib.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Fig. 3.\u00a0 The visual difference of a brown midrib sorghum\/sudan vs. conventional hybrids.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sorghums &amp; Millets and Forage Quality<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Like any other forage, increasing maturity means more tonnage per acre but a reduction in forage quality.\u00a0 In general, the optimum balance between forage quality and tonnage for sorghums and millets is <em>harvesting in mid- to late-boot stage<\/em>.\u00a0 For some examples of forage quality changes with time see <a href=\"http:\/\/agrilife.org\/lubbock\/files\/2011\/10\/hiplainsforagetypes_10.pdf\">http:\/\/agrilife.org\/lubbock\/files\/2011\/10\/hiplainsforagetypes_10.pdf<\/a>\u00a0 Forages that head out and produce grain are not desirable. \u00a0Any grain that is consumed by the animal may pass through the rumen undigested.\u00a0 Cattle may not want to eat the remaining forage, and fields can turn into a \u2018bamboo forest\u2019 (Fig. 4).\u00a0 In contrast, I have observed grazing cattle eat free-choice the stalks of brown mid-rib forages when some leafy material remained on leafy sorghum\/sudans.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Forage Quality Testing<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Too little Texas forage is bought and sold without anything more than \u2018eyeball\u2019 assessment of forage quality.\u00a0 The market value of forage should reflect forage quality.\u00a0 If you are buying forage you may ask if you can take a sample of the forage and have it analyzed for protein (at least), and also %TDN, lignin, acid and neutral detergent fibers (ADF, NDF), and relative feed value (RFV) or the more accurate relative feed quality<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Fig.-4-Headed-SS-Forage.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1956\" src=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Fig.-4-Headed-SS-Forage-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Fig.-4-Headed-SS-Forage-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Fig.-4-Headed-SS-Forage-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Fig.-4-Headed-SS-Forage-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Fig.-4-Headed-SS-Forage-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Fig.-4-Headed-SS-Forage.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Figure 4.\u00a0 This sorghum\/sudan field has little value.\u00a0 Cattle have stripped the leaves and the stalks remain.\u00a0 Most of the forage headed out which reduces forage quality.\u00a0 It is likely cattle should have been turned into graze several weeks sooner to prevent heading.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(RFQ).\u00a0 Several labs offer forage quality analysis, including Texas A&amp;M AgriLife Extension\u2019s Soil, Water &amp; Forage Lab.\u00a0 See our Extension plant\/forage sample submittal form at <a href=\"http:\/\/soiltesting.tamu.edu\/files\/Forageweb2.pdf\">http:\/\/soiltesting.tamu.edu\/files\/Forageweb2.pdf<\/a>\u00a0 Page 2 provides sampling instructions.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Should I consider a BMR forage?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>If you are not familiar with how BMR forages may perform on your farm or ranch, I suggest you purchase a single bag of BMR forage from two or three different companies. \u00a0This is especially true in a grazing situation.\u00a0 Though BMR forage seed costs more, modest seeding rates control that cost some.\u00a0 It is worth it to try a least a bag.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Planting vs. Drilling Summer Annual Forages in Hot, Dry Soils<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Drills to not do as well as row crop planters when placing seed in optimum conditions for germination and establishment.\u00a0 In the dry regions of Texas during hot dry years I suggest growers consider using a planter, even if on 40\u201d rows, rather than a drill.\u00a0 You need the forage.\u00a0 You may be able to get to moisture if you can move some soil with your planter\u2019s trash whippers, shovels, etc.\u00a0 Drilling would be futile unless you get a rain.\u00a0 I have measured yields above 2 tons per acre on a dry weight basis in this scenario.\u00a0 You probably need to set your planter at about the highest seeding rate you can achieve using sorghum plates as if you were planting grain sorghum.\u00a0 This could be 120,000 seeds per acre, or about 5 to 6 lbs.\/A.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Further Summer Annual Forage Resources<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>For additional information about sorghum\/sudan and hybrid pearl millet management consult:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>Central and East Texas<\/u>:\u00a0 \u201cWarm-season annual forage grasses for Texas\u201d (2012), E-630, Texas A&amp;M AgriLife Extension Service (V.A. Corriher), <a href=\"http:\/\/foragefax.tamu.edu\/files\/2013\/05\/WSAForagesforTexas.pdf\">http:\/\/foragefax.tamu.edu\/files\/2013\/05\/WSAForagesforTexas.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><u>West Texas<\/u>:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u201c<\/strong>Millets for Forage and Grain in New Mexico and West Texas\u201d (2012), A-417, New Mexico Cooperative Extension Service (M.A. Marsalis, L.M. Lauriault, C. Trostle), <a href=\"http:\/\/lubbock.tamu.edu\/files\/2012\/07\/Millets-for-NM-West-TX-2012-A-417.pdf\">http:\/\/lubbock.tamu.edu\/files\/2012\/07\/Millets-for-NM-West-TX-2012-A-417.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u201cAnnual Summer Forages for West Texas\u201d (2010), <a href=\"http:\/\/agrilife.org\/lubbock\/files\/2011\/10\/hiplainsforagetypes_10.pdf\">http:\/\/agrilife.org\/lubbock\/files\/2011\/10\/hiplainsforagetypes_10.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u201cSuggested Summer Forage Seeding Rate Targets for West Texas,\u201d, <a href=\"http:\/\/agrilife.org\/lubbock\/files\/2011\/10\/hiplainsforageseedrates_9.pdf\">http:\/\/agrilife.org\/lubbock\/files\/2011\/10\/hiplainsforageseedrates_9.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Trostle-Head-Shot-May2020-scaled.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1958\" src=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Trostle-Head-Shot-May2020-225x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Trostle-Head-Shot-May2020-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Trostle-Head-Shot-May2020-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Trostle-Head-Shot-May2020-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Trostle-Head-Shot-May2020-1536x2048.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2020\/05\/Trostle-Head-Shot-May2020-scaled.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dr. Calvin Trostle, Extension Agronomy, TAMU Soil &amp; Crop Sciences, Lubbock, TX (806) 723-8432, ctrostle@ag.tamu.edu February 10, 2020 &nbsp; I have written previously for Texas Row Crops Newsletter about hybrid pearl millet (HPM) in May 2015 and June 2017.\u00a0 The focus of then was the tolerance if not near absence of sugarcane aphid (SCA) activity in HPM.\u00a0 We continue to regard HPM as a poor host for SCA.\u00a0 Additional evidence in several Texas locations since 2017 reaffirms this. &nbsp; For Texas forage growers, HPM remains a potential alternative&#8230; <span class=\"read-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2020\/05\/13\/summer-annual-forages-for-texas-sorghum-sudan-hybrid-pearl-millet\/\">Read More &rarr;<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1756,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[115,65,93,10],"tags":[139,137,138,136],"class_list":["post-1951","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-115","category-agriculture","category-forage","category-sorghum","tag-pearl-millet","tag-sorghum","tag-sudan","tag-summer-annual-forages"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Summer Annual Forages for Texas\u2014Sorghum\/Sudan &amp; Hybrid Pearl Millet - Texas Row Crops Newsletter<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2020\/05\/13\/summer-annual-forages-for-texas-sorghum-sudan-hybrid-pearl-millet\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Summer Annual Forages for Texas\u2014Sorghum\/Sudan &amp; Hybrid Pearl Millet - Texas Row Crops Newsletter\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dr. Calvin Trostle, Extension Agronomy, TAMU Soil &amp; Crop Sciences, Lubbock, TX (806) 723-8432, ctrostle@ag.tamu.edu February 10, 2020 &nbsp; I have written previously for Texas Row Crops Newsletter about hybrid pearl millet (HPM) in May 2015 and June 2017.\u00a0 The focus of then was the tolerance if not near absence of sugarcane aphid (SCA) activity in HPM.\u00a0 We continue to regard HPM as a poor host for SCA.\u00a0 Additional evidence in several Texas locations since 2017 reaffirms this. &nbsp; For Texas forage growers, HPM remains a potential alternative... 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