{"id":1726,"date":"2019-06-06T14:37:19","date_gmt":"2019-06-06T14:37:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/?p=1726"},"modified":"2019-06-13T15:39:56","modified_gmt":"2019-06-13T15:39:56","slug":"identification-of-early-season-stand-loss-and-seedling-diseases-of-cotton","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2019\/06\/06\/identification-of-early-season-stand-loss-and-seedling-diseases-of-cotton\/","title":{"rendered":"Identification of Early-Season Stand Loss and Seedling Diseases of Cotton"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Early-season stand loss of cotton could be the result of fungal pathogens or, in the case of some fields in the Upper Coast counties (e.g. Wharton and Fort Bend), high populations of reniform nematodes.\u00a0 Seedling death from fungi can vary from season to season and severe impacts are usually associated with cool, wet conditions at planting or shortly after emergence.\u00a0 Although the damage from stand loss can\u2019t be undone during the current season, losses in future crops are somewhat preventable.\u00a0 In contrast, stand loss from the reniform nematode indicates a serious, long-term problem.\u00a0 In heavier soils, where the reniform nematode can thrive, it is essential to diagnose the cause of stand loss.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Figure 1. Post-emergence damping-off.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

There are three major fungal pathogens causing seedling disease in Texas.\u00a0 The most prevelant pathogen is Rhizoctonia solani, <\/em>which can cause seedling death after emergence (Figure 1).\u00a0\u00a0 This fungus produces brown or black lesions on the stems.\u00a0 The lesions may be sunken, which is a symptom known as \u201csoreshin\u201d (Figure 2), or the lesions may girdle and pinch the stem at the soil surface, which is known as \u201cwirestem\u201d.\u00a0 Although this pathogen usually causes disease under cool, wet conditions, it can also cause disease at higher soil temperatures favorable for cotton seed germination, if cotton is planted into soil containing freshly-incorporated organic matter (e.g. a cover crop).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Figure 2. \u201cSoreshin\u201d symptoms caused by Rhizoctonia solani.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Several Pythium<\/em> species cause seed decay and pre-emergent damping-off.\u00a0 The symptom on emerged seedlings is hypocotyl rotting below the soil surface.\u00a0 The hypocotyl has a water-soaked or light brown appearance. Pythium damping-off is usually associated with very wet soil.<\/p>\n

Thielaviopsis basicola<\/em> is a post-emergence pathogen that does not usually cause mortality, but may stunt plants and delay flowering. \u00a0\u00a0The disease it causes is known as \u201cblack root rot\u201d. The fungus blackens the tap root and cortex (exterior) of the hypocotyl (Figure 3).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Figure 3. Symptoms of Thielaviopsis basicola. <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Lateral roots are killed, particularly on older plants. This fungus is primarily a problem in the High Plains of Texas.\u00a0 It has been occasionally observed on plants from other growing areas of Texas.<\/p>\n

Other fungal species have been reported to cause seedling disease in cotton, but their occurrence is infrequent and their impact relative to the three major pathogens is slight, unless they interact with the major pathogens.\u00a0 These pathogens tend to cause disease in plants growing under severe environmental stress.\u00a0 Fusarium<\/em> species are prevalent, minor seedling pathogens, except for Fusarium oxysporum <\/em>f. sp. vasinfectum<\/em> race 4 (FOV4), which can be a significant seedling disease pathogen in fields located in El Paso and Hudspeth counties.<\/p>\n

The reniform nematode can also cause stand loss (Figure 4).\u00a0 There are no obvious symptoms on plants early in the season, but symptoms may become more apparent later in the season, such as stunting and nutrient deficiency symptoms in the foliage.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Figure 4.\u00a0 Stand loss caused by high populations of reniform nematode.<\/strong><\/p>\n

The reniform nematode can be diagnosed from soil samples.\u00a0 See https:\/\/agrilifecdn.tamu.edu\/plantclinic\/files\/2010\/10\/D827r0627-FINAL.pdf<\/a> for details on sampling and submission of samples to the Texas Plant Disease Diagnostic Clinic.\u00a0\u00a0 If the nematode is present in a field, great care should be taken to prevent its movement to other fields via soil attached to implements.\u00a0 The nematode is very difficult to manage once it is present in a field and its presence could limit long-term productivity.\u00a0 In contrast, seedling diseases caused by fungi do not pose a long-term threat to productivity.\u00a0 See http:\/\/cotton.tamu.edu\/Nematodes\/Management%20of%20seedling%20diseases%20of%20cotton_2016.pdf <\/a>for management guidelines.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Thomas Isakeit, Professor and extension plant pathologist<\/p>\n

Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service, College Station<\/p>\n

t-isakeit@tamu.edu<\/a>; cell 979-229-4976<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Early-season stand loss of cotton could be the result of fungal pathogens or, in the case of some fields in the Upper Coast counties (e.g. Wharton and Fort Bend), high populations of reniform nematodes.\u00a0 Seedling death from fungi can vary from season to season and severe impacts are usually associated with cool, wet conditions at planting or shortly after emergence.\u00a0 Although the damage from stand loss can\u2019t be undone during the current season, losses in future crops are somewhat preventable.\u00a0 In contrast, stand loss from… Read More →<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1756,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[58,65,12,64],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1726","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-58","category-agriculture","category-cotton","category-diseases"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nIdentification of Early-Season Stand Loss and Seedling Diseases of Cotton - Texas Row Crops Newsletter<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2019\/06\/06\/identification-of-early-season-stand-loss-and-seedling-diseases-of-cotton\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Identification of Early-Season Stand Loss and Seedling Diseases of Cotton - Texas Row Crops Newsletter\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"      Early-season stand loss of cotton could be the result of fungal pathogens or, in the case of some fields in the Upper Coast counties (e.g. Wharton and Fort Bend), high populations of reniform nematodes.\u00a0 Seedling death from fungi can vary from season to season and severe impacts are usually associated with cool, wet conditions at planting or shortly after emergence.\u00a0 Although the damage from stand loss can\u2019t be undone during the current season, losses in future crops are somewhat preventable.\u00a0 In contrast, stand loss from... 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