{"id":1214,"date":"2017-11-03T21:12:56","date_gmt":"2017-11-03T21:12:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/?p=1214"},"modified":"2017-12-07T19:39:52","modified_gmt":"2017-12-07T19:39:52","slug":"post-harvest-handling-of-a-corn-field-affected-by-fumonisin-contamination","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2017\/11\/03\/post-harvest-handling-of-a-corn-field-affected-by-fumonisin-contamination\/","title":{"rendered":"Post-Harvest Handling of a Corn Field Affected by Fumonisin Contamination"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>by Thomas Isakeit, Professor and Extension Plant Pathologist, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station; Jourdan Bell, Assistant Professor and Agronomist, Texas A&amp;M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Amarillo; Ted McCollum III, Professor and Extension Beef Cattle Specialist, Texas A&amp;M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Amarillo<\/p>\n<p>Fumonisins are toxins produced in corn kernels by two species of fungi (<em>Fusarium verticillioides <\/em>and <em>F. proliferatum<\/em>).\u00a0 These toxins are carcinogens and can cause illness in livestock, particularly in horses. The levels of fumonisin allowed in food and feed are regulated.\u00a0 For example, horse feed is not to exceed 5 parts per million (ppm), while breeding animals are allowed up to 30 ppm and ruminants are allowed up to 60 ppm.<\/p>\n<p>The <em>Fusarium<\/em> fungus causes a rot of kernels (Figure 1).\u00a0 Such kernels have very high levels of fumonisin, often exceeding 500 ppm.\u00a0 Intact kernels adjacent to rotted kernels can be colonized by the fungus and can also have high levels of fumonisin.\u00a0 Most kernels on an ear of corn with ear rot, although colonized by the fungus, have no or very low levels of fumonisin.\u00a0 \u00a0There are several environmental factors that affect fumonisin concentration during the growing season.\u00a0 However, the production of fumonisin by the fungus requires a specific nutrient from the plant, amylopectin, which is a component of starch.\u00a0 Although the fungus can grow on all plant parts and it is known to cause a stalk rot (Figure 2), the toxin requirement for amylopectin limits production of the toxin to maturing kernels.<\/p>\n<p>This amylopectin requirement explains why fumonisin contamination is not a problem in grazing harvested corn fields, where the plant residues are largely stalk and leaf tissue that do not support toxin production. In the case of silage, ears are usually harvested at an immature stage when toxin accumulation is minimal, and they are diluted in the silage biomass.\u00a0 Additionally, the fungus does not grow under the anaerobic conditions of silage.<\/p>\n<p>Based on this information, grazing corn fields where fumonisin has been detected in corn should not be a problem.\u00a0 Although stalks and leaves do not contain fumonisin, the cobs remaining in the field might have low levels of fumonisin, particularly if <em>Fusarium<\/em>-colonized seeds are still attached.\u00a0 Smaller, broken kernels that are not collected in the combine and remain in the field will likely have higher levels of fumonisin.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Should fields be burned to control future fumonisin problems?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This has never been explicitly tested, but is not likely to make a difference.\u00a0 Here are the reasons:\u00a0 These species of <em>Fusarium<\/em> are everywhere.\u00a0 They do persist on crop residue, but they grow readily on many plant species, without causing disease symptoms.\u00a0 A comparative study in Australia showed that these Fusarium species were retained in corn fields where the residue was incorporated into soil, but greatly diminished when that residue was burned.\u00a0 However, this study did not evaluate the effect of these treatments on stalk rot or fumonisin of subsequent corn crops.\u00a0 A field study in Nigeria showed less Fusarium stalk rot of corn in plots grown with minimal tillage, as compared with plots grown following burning of residue. Tillage is often considered an option for managing fungal diseases by burying the residue; however, the fungi are \u00a0soilborne so tillage does not always reduce the inoculum. In a tillage study in South African, tillage practices had not effect on minimizing Fusarium ear rots of corn.<\/p>\n<p>Although fluctuations of populations of <em>Fusarium<\/em> species occur from year to year, one must consider that there is always a sufficient, minimal population of Fusarium present to infect corn kernels, but the severity of fumonisin contamination will be determined by the environmental conditions occurring during the current growing season.\u00a0 These stresses include the lack of moisture during and after flowering, followed by wet weather later in the season.\u00a0 Management of\u00a0 future fumonisin contamination should focus on crop management during the current season, including selection of a hybrid adapted to stress, the use of a good insect control trait, and management of the field to reduce moisture stress. Occurrence of contamination in a field in one year does not mean that it will necessarily occur in future years.<\/p>\n<p>More fumonisin information can be found at:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/amarillo.tamu.edu\/files\/2016\/10\/Understanding-Fumonisin-Contamination-of-Corn.pdf\">https:\/\/amarillo.tamu.edu\/files\/2016\/10\/Understanding-Fumonisin-Contamination-of-Corn.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/amarillo.tamu.edu\/files\/2010\/11\/10_PPB_BMP_Mycotoxin_CORN.pdf\">http:\/\/amarillo.tamu.edu\/files\/2010\/11\/10_PPB_BMP_Mycotoxin_CORN.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>More general information about ear rots of corn:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cornmycotoxins.com\/home\/\">http:\/\/www.cornmycotoxins.com\/home\/<\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1215\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2017\/11\/Figure-One-Pic.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1215\" class=\"wp-image-1215 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2017\/11\/Figure-One-Pic-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2017\/11\/Figure-One-Pic-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2017\/11\/Figure-One-Pic-768x510.jpg 768w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2017\/11\/Figure-One-Pic-1024x680.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2017\/11\/Figure-One-Pic.jpg 1353w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-1215\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. Fusarium ear rot of corn.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1216\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2017\/11\/Figure-2-Stalk-rot.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1216\" class=\"wp-image-1216 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2017\/11\/Figure-2-Stalk-rot-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2017\/11\/Figure-2-Stalk-rot-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2017\/11\/Figure-2-Stalk-rot-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2017\/11\/Figure-2-Stalk-rot.jpg 864w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-1216\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. Stalk rot of corn caused by Fusarium verticillioides.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_230\" style=\"width: 160px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2015\/04\/photo-002.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-230\" class=\"wp-image-230 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2015\/04\/photo-002-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-230\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Thomas Isakeit, Ph.D.<br \/> Professor and Extension Plant Pathologist<br \/> College Station, TX<br \/> <a href=\"mailto:t-isakeit@exchange.tamu.edu\">t-isakeit@exchange.tamu.edu<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>by Thomas Isakeit, Professor and Extension Plant Pathologist, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station; Jourdan Bell, Assistant Professor and Agronomist, Texas A&amp;M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Amarillo; Ted McCollum III, Professor and Extension Beef Cattle Specialist, Texas A&amp;M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Amarillo Fumonisins are toxins produced in corn kernels by two species of fungi (Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum).\u00a0 These toxins are carcinogens and can cause illness in livestock, particularly in horses. The levels of fumonisin allowed in food and&#8230; <span class=\"read-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2017\/11\/03\/post-harvest-handling-of-a-corn-field-affected-by-fumonisin-contamination\/\">Read More &rarr;<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1371,"featured_media":1215,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[35,16,43],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1214","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-35","category-archive","category-november-2017"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Post-Harvest Handling of a Corn Field Affected by Fumonisin Contamination - Texas Row Crops Newsletter<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2017\/11\/03\/post-harvest-handling-of-a-corn-field-affected-by-fumonisin-contamination\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Post-Harvest Handling of a Corn Field Affected by Fumonisin Contamination - Texas Row Crops Newsletter\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"by Thomas Isakeit, Professor and Extension Plant Pathologist, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station; Jourdan Bell, Assistant Professor and Agronomist, Texas A&amp;M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Amarillo; Ted McCollum III, Professor and Extension Beef Cattle Specialist, Texas A&amp;M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Amarillo Fumonisins are toxins produced in corn kernels by two species of fungi (Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum).\u00a0 These toxins are carcinogens and can cause illness in livestock, particularly in horses. The levels of fumonisin allowed in food and... 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The levels of fumonisin allowed in food and... 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