{"id":1209,"date":"2017-11-03T21:22:00","date_gmt":"2017-11-03T21:22:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/?p=1209"},"modified":"2017-12-07T19:39:43","modified_gmt":"2017-12-07T19:39:43","slug":"many-producers-arent-seeing-it-its-all-about-whats-underground","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2017\/11\/03\/many-producers-arent-seeing-it-its-all-about-whats-underground\/","title":{"rendered":"Many Producers aren\u2019t seeing it\u2026.It\u2019s all about what\u2019s underground"},"content":{"rendered":"

by Tony Provin, Professor and Extension Soil Chemist and Ronnie Schnell, Assistant Professor and Extension Specialist-Cropping Systems
\nronschnell@tamu.edu<\/a><\/p>\n

The era of remote sensing, aerial drones, satellite imaging and GPS\/GIS has most producers focusing on the visible issues present in their fields.\u00a0 The Soil Health movement is attempting to increase the awareness of the functions of soil and how to enhance or maintain our nation\u2019s most critical natural resource.\u00a0 Whether it\u2019s Texas or the central corn-belt, the root of most problems (pun intended) is actually roots, or lack of.\u00a0 The yield potential of all agricultural crops can always be traced back to the soil.\u00a0 Soil conditions that limit root development and proliferation throughout the topsoil and subsoil, ultimately limit the yield and long-term sustainability of the field.\u00a0 Sadly, our ability to access rooting development has remained nearly static for the past fifty years, although numerous researchers and industry technicians have been working to improve our ability to determine in field root development.<\/p>\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>

Figure 1. Soil compaction resulting in stunted growth and poor root development of corn grown in central Texas.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

<\/div>\n
The root limiting conditions that many of our agricultural crops experience are nearly as broad and far reaching as Texas itself.\u00a0 In Texas, we can often boil this down to one of four issues:\u00a0 compaction, acidity, salinity and limited soil nutrients.\u00a0 Soil compaction is likely the single most limiting, yet under-appreciated yield robbing soil problem facing Texas producers.\u00a0 Estimates to the actual impact of compaction on yield range from 5-100%; fluctuating in-season rainfall and evapo-transpiration rates makes it difficult to place a more solid estimate.\u00a0 Naturally, the severity of compaction is directly related to the severity of yield declines, such as heavy vehicle traffic on turn-rows, however the relative amount of water available to the crop during key plant developmental stages influences the overall yield.\u00a0 The cause of soil compaction or densification can be due to multiple causes including tillage and vehicle traffic on moist to wet soils, loss of rooting development due to low phosphorus and\/or low general soil fertility, low pH, high sodium and\/or high soil salinity.\u00a0 As root proliferation declines in a soil, the soil, specifically the non-tillage subsoil, slowly increases in density.\u00a0 Under ideal growing conditions, the constant turnover of root system regenerates the macro-pores in the soil, plus helps maintain natural soil aggregation through the plant\/microbiological relationships.\u00a0 As a root system decomposes, the resulting soil voids allow for rapid exchanges of gases and movement of water, plus provides a conduit for future root development.\u00a0 Lacking these voids or macro-pores, poor oxygenation of the root system often occurs, plus standing or increased runoff of rainfall or irrigation water is observed.<\/div>\n

Key strategies toward avoiding compaction are to: 1) reduce axle loads when-ever possible, 2) avoid tillage or movement of equipment when soils are moist or wet on the surface and deeper in the profile, 3) Use controlled wheel tracks, thus limiting the overall percent of the field that large axle\/wheel loads impact and 4) insure other soil fertility related limitations are resolved.\u00a0 The tillage and wheel traffic on moist and wet soils is often the more immediate and most obvious form of compaction.\u00a0 This wheel traffic compaction is often associated with shorter plants nearby and also immediate ponding during rainfall events.<\/p>\n

Remediation of compaction can be difficult, expensive and may require years of careful attention to a given field or area within a field.\u00a0 The first step in remediating compaction is to determine where and to what extent a field is compacted.\u00a0 While yield monitors and visual observations can provide some insight into potential areas of compaction, a simple soil probe used in the process of collecting soil samples can quickly be used to evaluate ease of penetration, depth of hardness layers and changes between areas of the field.\u00a0 When compacted areas are noted, a further understanding of the compaction depth is needed.\u00a0 Longer soil probes or soil penetronometers can be utilized to evaluate the depth of compaction.\u00a0 Most compaction problems can only be reduced by mechanical means, including deep ripping, chiseling or other fracturing of the soil when dry.\u00a0 Another approach is to plant a taproot type of cover crop such as sweet clover.\u00a0 Select legumes, including sweet clover, are uniquely adapted to penetrate through compacted layers, although this may require multiple plantings.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Figure 2. Percent of soil test samples that fall below the critical level for soil test P (Phosphorus). Accessed from IPNI at https:\/\/soiltest.ipni.net\/about\/about_soil_test_summary<\/a>.<\/p><\/div>\n

Non-optimal soil fertility is also to blame for poor rooting of annual and perennial crops.\u00a0 Over the past twenty years, the percentage of soil samples with limited phosphorus or potassium has risen significantly.\u00a0 Most recent estimates (2015) are that 83% of Texas fields are limiting with regard to phosphorus and with the number of samples limiting for P is increasing with time.\u00a0 Additionally, a significant increase in the acreage of acidic soils has been observed throughout the central and northern Blacklands.\u00a0 Careful attention to timely soil testing can easily identify hidden soil fertility issues, as well as, locate those compacted areas within a given field. \u00a0More information on soil testing can be found at The Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Soil, Water and Forage Testing Laboratory (soiltesting.tamu.edu).<\/p>\n

\"Dr.<\/a>

Assistant Professor and Extension Specialist-Cropping Systems
College Station, Tx 77843
979-845-2935
ronschnell@tamu.edu<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

by Tony Provin, Professor and Extension Soil Chemist and Ronnie Schnell, Assistant Professor and Extension Specialist-Cropping Systems ronschnell@tamu.edu The era of remote sensing, aerial drones, satellite imaging and GPS\/GIS has most producers focusing on the visible issues present in their fields.\u00a0 The Soil Health movement is attempting to increase the awareness of the functions of soil and how to enhance or maintain our nation\u2019s most critical natural resource.\u00a0 Whether it\u2019s Texas or the central corn-belt, the root of most problems (pun intended) is actually roots, or lack of.\u00a0… Read More →<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1371,"featured_media":1210,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[35,16,43],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1209","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-35","category-archive","category-november-2017"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMany Producers aren\u2019t seeing it\u2026.It\u2019s all about what\u2019s underground - Texas Row Crops Newsletter<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2017\/11\/03\/many-producers-arent-seeing-it-its-all-about-whats-underground\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Many Producers aren\u2019t seeing it\u2026.It\u2019s all about what\u2019s underground - Texas Row Crops Newsletter\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"by Tony Provin, Professor and Extension Soil Chemist and Ronnie Schnell, Assistant Professor and Extension Specialist-Cropping Systems ronschnell@tamu.edu The era of remote sensing, aerial drones, satellite imaging and GPS\/GIS has most producers focusing on the visible issues present in their fields.\u00a0 The Soil Health movement is attempting to increase the awareness of the functions of soil and how to enhance or maintain our nation\u2019s most critical natural resource.\u00a0 Whether it\u2019s Texas or the central corn-belt, the root of most problems (pun intended) is actually roots, or lack of.\u00a0... 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