{"id":1048,"date":"2017-04-28T21:30:12","date_gmt":"2017-04-28T21:30:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/?p=1048"},"modified":"2017-05-02T14:26:44","modified_gmt":"2017-05-02T14:26:44","slug":"foliar-injury-symptoms-from-auxin-herbicides-are-not-a-good-indicator-of-cotton-yield-loss","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2017\/04\/28\/foliar-injury-symptoms-from-auxin-herbicides-are-not-a-good-indicator-of-cotton-yield-loss\/","title":{"rendered":"Foliar Injury Symptoms from Auxin Herbicides are NOT a Good Indicator of Cotton Yield Loss"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>by \u00a0Seth Byrd \u2013 Extension Cotton Specialist \u2013 Lubbock, TX; Peter Dotray \u2013 Extension Weed Scientist \u2013 Lubbock, TX; Wayne Keeling \u2013 Research Cropping Systems and Weed Science \u2013 Lubbock, TX; Misha Manuchehri \u2013 Extension Weed Scientist (OSU) \u2013 Stillwater, OK; Josh McGinty \u2013 Extension Agronomist \u2013 Corpus Christi, TX; Gaylon Morgan \u2013 State Extension Cotton Specialist \u2013 College Station, TX<\/p>\n<p>Cotton injury from herbicide drift and potential yield loss has been a hot topic recently, both among producers and in the popular press. \u00a0It is important to note that this is a complex issue and a definite answer to \u201cHow much yield will I lose?\u201d is difficult if not impossible to accurately predict.\u00a0 Previous studies evaluating sub-lethal (drift or tank contamination) rates of dicamba and 2,4-D have illustrated the complex relationship between visual injury and yield loss.\u00a0 Often, there is a poor relationship between the two (i.e. severe visual foliar injury results in minor to no yield loss, or vice versa) and many factors play a role in cotton\u2019s yield response after exposure to these herbicides.\u00a0 Important factors include growth stage at time of exposure, rate\/concentration of herbicide, degree of exposure, and environmental conditions after exposure.<\/p>\n<p>A summary of previous research indicates that much is still unknown regarding the effects of sub-lethal rates of auxinic herbicides in cotton.\u00a0 Tables are included illustrating the range of injury estimates and yield loss results of studies evaluating drift rates of dicamba and 2,4-D on cotton in South Texas and the Texas High Plains.\u00a0 Pictures illustrate examples of visual injury symptoms from sub-lethal applications of 2,4-D and dicamba at various growth stages, the corresponding range of injury ratings from some of these studies also are included.<\/p>\n<p><strong>What is Known:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cotton is more sensitive to 2,4-D than dicamba across a wide range of rates.<\/li>\n<li>Primary factors contributing to yield response are 1) rate or dose of the herbicide and 2) growth stage of cotton at the time of exposure; however, environmental conditions after exposure which may allow plants to recover also are important.<\/li>\n<li>Typical epinasty and strapping leaf injury symptoms are more prevalent and severe when cotton is exposed at vegetative growth stages (prior to 1<sup>st<\/sup> square), with less severe vegetative symptoms being present at the later stages (after 1<sup>st<\/sup> flower and further into the flowering period).<\/li>\n<li>There are differences in visual injury symptoms between dicamba and 2,4-D, particularly at higher rates. Leaf strapping is the more pronounced symptom resulting from 2,4-D while leaf cupping generally\u00a0 results from dicamba.\u00a0 However, at very low rates these differences are less obvious.<\/li>\n<li>Greater yield loss typically occurs from exposure during the first square to early bloom period; however, research also has shown that cotton can lose a significant amount of yield even with exposure during early vegetative stages (cotyledon to 4 leaf stage).<\/li>\n<li>There is significant year to year variability in cotton\u2019s yield response and ability to recover from drift rates of both herbicides at the same location, which is primarily attributed to environmental conditions.<\/li>\n<li>Visual estimates of injury severity may underestimate or overestimate the yield effect as the level of symptom expression varies by growth stage. Correlations between visual ratings and yield loss are <u>rare<\/u>, especially within the most sensitive growth stages.<\/li>\n<li>Increased boll abortion, as well as delayed maturity, appears to be the primary cause of yield loss.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>What is Unknown:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Interactions with other crop stress (drought, disease, insect pests, etc.). Previous studies have managed cotton for high yield (adequate to optimal irrigation, timely planting, and intensive pest control) before, during, and after exposure to sub-lethal rates of auxinic herbicides.\u00a0 There is little information regarding the response of cotton in non-irrigated conditions or late-planting dates.\u00a0 Is the stress magnified or mitigated under sub-optimal conditions?<\/li>\n<li>Impact of varieties and maturity classes. Differences between early and late maturing varieties to sub-lethal rates of 2,4-D or dicamba may differ slightly or greatly at different growth stages due to differences in fruiting patterns.\u00a0 The magnitude or lack of differences between maturity classes is unknown.<\/li>\n<li>Indirect impact on fiber quality, whether yield is impacted or not. Previous research has shown no direct impact on fiber quality.\u00a0 However, insufficient data is available to draw conclusions about how fiber quality could be indirectly impacted as a result of delayed maturation or other factors.\u00a0 Again, a limited set of growing and management conditions has been evaluated, which represent a small proportion of potential production scenarios.<\/li>\n<li>A method to accurately predict yield loss prior to harvest. While the relationship between symptomology and yield loss has been extensively studied, there has been virtually no success in predicting yield loss or management recommendations that could be used to make management decisions for the remainder of the season.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The most important take away message is that there is no definitive answer to the \u201cHow much yield will I lose?\u201d question.\u00a0 While previous research has identified some range of expected yield loss, the interaction between the herbicide, the rate, the timing of injury, and environmental conditions are very complex.\u00a0\u00a0 It may not be as bad as it looks, or a bad situation may not exhibit any symptoms.\u00a0 The best option is to manage the crop like the unaffected portion of the field so that potentially productive acres are not neglected.\u00a0 If a yield loss estimate needs to be determined, divide the affected portion of the field up based on expected severity or level of yield loss (mild, moderate, severe for example) and compare the yield from these areas to the non-affected portion of the field.\u00a0 However, to accurately determine yield loss of the affected areas, the entire field must receive uniform management and inputs (irrigation, fertility, pesticide, and harvest-aid applications, etc.).<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 264px; width: 768px;\">\n<tfoot>\n<tr style=\"height: 1px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 759.333px; height: 7px; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;\" colspan=\"6\">Data compiled from studies performed in Texas (Everitt and Keeling, 2009; Byrd et al., 2016; Dotray, unpublished data, McGinty, unpublished data, and Morgan, unpublished data).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 7px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 759.333px; height: 7px; text-align: left;\" colspan=\"6\">\u00a0*All appplications were made with a minimum carrier volume of 10 GPA.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tfoot>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 48px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 759.333px; height: 48px;\" colspan=\"6\">Table 1.\u00a0 Injury ratings and yield loss from sub-lethal rates ranging from 1\/100 &#8211; 1\/2000 of the full rate of dicamba and 2,4-D from South Texas and the Texas High Plains.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 248px; text-align: center; height: 24px;\" colspan=\"2\"><em>1\/100 &#8211; 1\/2000 of the full rate*<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 250px; text-align: center; height: 24px;\" colspan=\"2\">South Texas<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 250.667px; text-align: center; height: 24px;\" colspan=\"2\">Texas High Plains<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 158px; text-align: center; height: 24px;\">Cotton Growth Stage<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84.6667px; text-align: center; height: 24px;\">Herbicide<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; text-align: center; height: 24px;\">Injury Range<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; text-align: center; height: 24px;\">Yield Loss<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; text-align: center; height: 24px;\">Injury Range<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; text-align: center; height: 24px;\">Yield Loss<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 158px; height: 14px; text-align: left;\">Cotledon-2 leaf<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84.6667px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\">Dicamba<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\">0-15%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\">0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 158px; height: 24px; text-align: left;\">Cotyledon-2 leaf<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84.6667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">2,4-D<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">2-50%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">1-3%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 158px; height: 24px; text-align: left;\">4-5 leaf<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84.6667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">Dicamba<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-13%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 158px; height: 24px; text-align: left;\">4- leaf<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84.6667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">2,4-D<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">6-70%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">6-8%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">1-35%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-6%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 158px; height: 24px; text-align: left;\">Squaring<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84.6667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">Dicamba<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-96%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-39%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">1-35%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-6%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 158px; height: 24px; text-align: left;\">Squaring<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84.6667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">2,4-D<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">5-48%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">1-15%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-44%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 158px; height: 24px; text-align: left;\">First bloom<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84.6667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">Dicamba<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-20%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-23%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-4%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-3%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 158px; height: 24px; text-align: left;\">First bloom<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84.6667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">2,4-D<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-34%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-1%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-3%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 158px; height: 24px; text-align: left;\">First bloom + 2 weeks<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84.6667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">Dicamba<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-15%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-17%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-1%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">7-14%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 158px; height: 24px; text-align: left;\">First bloom + 2 weeks<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84.6667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">2,4-D<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-4%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-8%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 158px; height: 24px; text-align: left;\">First bloom + 4 weeks<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84.6667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">Dicamba<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 158px; height: 24px; text-align: left;\">First bloom + 4 weeks<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84.6667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">2,4-D<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-3%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-8%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 158px; height: 24px; text-align: left;\">First bloom + 6 weeks<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84.6667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">Dicamba<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 158px; height: 24px; text-align: left;\">First bloom +6 weeks<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84.6667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">2,4-D<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-1%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122.667px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"height: 264px; width: 731px;\">\n<tfoot>\n<tr style=\"height: 1px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 699px; height: 7px; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;\" colspan=\"6\">Data compiled from studies performed in Texas (Everitt and Keeling, 2009; Byrd et al., 2016; Dotray, unpublished data, McGinty, unpublished data, and Morgan, unpublished data).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 7px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 699px; height: 7px; text-align: left;\" colspan=\"6\">\u00a0*All appplications were made with a minimum carrier volume of 10 GPA.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 7px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 699px; height: 7px; text-align: left;\" colspan=\"6\">**Only one ite year available.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tfoot>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 48px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 699px; height: 48px;\" colspan=\"6\">Table 2. \u00a0Injury ratings and yield loss from sub-lethal rates ranging from 1\/10 &#8211; 1\/50 of the full rate of dicamba and 2,4-D from South Texas and the Texas High Plains.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 242px; text-align: center; height: 24px;\" colspan=\"2\"><em>1\/100 &#8211; 1\/50 of the full rate*<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 244px; text-align: center; height: 24px;\" colspan=\"2\">South Texas<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 213px; text-align: center; height: 24px;\" colspan=\"2\">Texas High Plains<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 158px; text-align: center; height: 24px;\">Cotton Growth Stage<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px; text-align: center; height: 24px;\">Herbicide<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; text-align: center; height: 24px;\">Injury Range<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; text-align: center; height: 24px;\">Yield Loss<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; text-align: center; height: 24px;\">Injury Range<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px; text-align: center; height: 24px;\">Yield Loss<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 158px; height: 14px; text-align: left;\">Cotledon-2 leaf<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\">Dicamba<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\">3-57%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\">10%**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 158px; height: 24px; text-align: left;\">Cotyledon-2 leaf<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">2,4-D<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">18-66%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">50%**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 158px; height: 24px; text-align: left;\">4-5 leaf<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">Dicamba<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">4-39%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">8%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 158px; height: 24px; text-align: left;\">4- leaf<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">2,4-D<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">26-84%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">47-76%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">1-35%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-6%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 158px; height: 24px; text-align: left;\">Squaring<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">Dicamba<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">1-99%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-91%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">8-43%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">5-70%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 158px; height: 24px; text-align: left;\">Squaring<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">2,4-D<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">9-69%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">50-63%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">21-57%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">50-68%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 158px; height: 24px; text-align: left;\">First bloom<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">Dicamba<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-54%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">3-82%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">6-37%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-54%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 158px; height: 24px; text-align: left;\">First bloom<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">2,4-D<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-45%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">57-82%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">2-32%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-15%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 158px; height: 24px; text-align: left;\">First bloom + 2 weeks<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">Dicamba<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-27%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">1-65%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">4-8%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">30-40%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 158px; height: 24px; text-align: left;\">First bloom + 2 weeks<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">2,4-D<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-23%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">3-45%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-15%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">2-23%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 158px; height: 24px; text-align: left;\">First bloom + 4 weeks<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">Dicamba<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 158px; height: 24px; text-align: left;\">First bloom + 4 weeks<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">2,4-D<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-11%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-15%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-10%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 158px; height: 24px; text-align: left;\">First bloom + 6 weeks<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">Dicamba<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 158px; height: 24px; text-align: left;\">First bloom +6 weeks<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">2,4-D<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-9%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">3-15%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 122px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0-1%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 91px; height: 24px; text-align: center;\">0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a href=\"\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2017\/04\/New-Microsoft-PowerPoint-Presentation.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1054 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2017\/04\/New-Microsoft-PowerPoint-Presentation-1024x791.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"494\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2017\/04\/New-Microsoft-PowerPoint-Presentation-1024x791.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2017\/04\/New-Microsoft-PowerPoint-Presentation-300x232.jpg 300w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2017\/04\/New-Microsoft-PowerPoint-Presentation-768x593.jpg 768w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2017\/04\/New-Microsoft-PowerPoint-Presentation.jpg 1056w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2017\/04\/New-Microsoft-PowerPoint-Presentation2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1055 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2017\/04\/New-Microsoft-PowerPoint-Presentation2-1024x791.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"494\" srcset=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2017\/04\/New-Microsoft-PowerPoint-Presentation2-1024x791.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2017\/04\/New-Microsoft-PowerPoint-Presentation2-300x232.jpg 300w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2017\/04\/New-Microsoft-PowerPoint-Presentation2-768x593.jpg 768w, https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2017\/04\/New-Microsoft-PowerPoint-Presentation2.jpg 1056w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_734\" style=\"width: 177px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2016\/05\/Seth-Byrd.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-734\" class=\"size-full wp-image-734\" src=\"http:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/files\/2016\/05\/Seth-Byrd.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"167\" height=\"250\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-734\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Assistant Professor &amp; Extension Cotton Specialist, Texas A&amp;M AgriLife Extension Service<br \/>Lubbock, TX<br \/>806.746.6101<br \/><a href=\"mailto:seth.byrd@tamu.edu\">seth.byrd@tamu.edu<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>by \u00a0Seth Byrd \u2013 Extension Cotton Specialist \u2013 Lubbock, TX; Peter Dotray \u2013 Extension Weed Scientist \u2013 Lubbock, TX; Wayne Keeling \u2013 Research Cropping Systems and Weed Science \u2013 Lubbock, TX; Misha Manuchehri \u2013 Extension Weed Scientist (OSU) \u2013 Stillwater, OK; Josh McGinty \u2013 Extension Agronomist \u2013 Corpus Christi, TX; Gaylon Morgan \u2013 State Extension Cotton Specialist \u2013 College Station, TX Cotton injury from herbicide drift and potential yield loss has been a hot topic recently, both among producers and in the popular press. \u00a0It is important to&#8230; <span class=\"read-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2017\/04\/28\/foliar-injury-symptoms-from-auxin-herbicides-are-not-a-good-indicator-of-cotton-yield-loss\/\">Read More &rarr;<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1371,"featured_media":1056,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[35,21],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1048","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-35","category-may-2017"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Foliar Injury Symptoms from Auxin Herbicides are NOT a Good Indicator of Cotton Yield Loss - Texas Row Crops Newsletter<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2017\/04\/28\/foliar-injury-symptoms-from-auxin-herbicides-are-not-a-good-indicator-of-cotton-yield-loss\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Foliar Injury Symptoms from Auxin Herbicides are NOT a Good Indicator of Cotton Yield Loss - Texas Row Crops Newsletter\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"by \u00a0Seth Byrd \u2013 Extension Cotton Specialist \u2013 Lubbock, TX; 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Texas Row Crops Newsletter","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasrowcrops\/2017\/04\/28\/foliar-injury-symptoms-from-auxin-herbicides-are-not-a-good-indicator-of-cotton-yield-loss\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Foliar Injury Symptoms from Auxin Herbicides are NOT a Good Indicator of Cotton Yield Loss - Texas Row Crops Newsletter","og_description":"by \u00a0Seth Byrd \u2013 Extension Cotton Specialist \u2013 Lubbock, TX; Peter Dotray \u2013 Extension Weed Scientist \u2013 Lubbock, TX; Wayne Keeling \u2013 Research Cropping Systems and Weed Science \u2013 Lubbock, TX; Misha Manuchehri \u2013 Extension Weed Scientist (OSU) \u2013 Stillwater, OK; Josh McGinty \u2013 Extension Agronomist \u2013 Corpus Christi, TX; Gaylon Morgan \u2013 State Extension Cotton Specialist \u2013 College Station, TX Cotton injury from herbicide drift and potential yield loss has been a hot topic recently, both among producers and in the popular press. \u00a0It is important to... 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