{"id":8226,"date":"2019-12-09T01:37:24","date_gmt":"2019-12-09T07:37:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasaglaw\/?p=8226"},"modified":"2026-04-17T15:20:18","modified_gmt":"2026-04-17T20:20:18","slug":"2019-year-in-review","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasaglaw\/2019\/12\/09\/2019-year-in-review\/","title":{"rendered":"2019 Year in Review"},"content":{"rendered":"

Each December, we look back at the biggest ag law developments for the year.\u00a0 It was another busy year in the agricultural law realm.\u00a0 Here were some of the key stories.<\/p>\n

Also, if you’d like to listen to Paul Goeringer and I discuss these issues and more, be sure to check out our 2019 Ag Law Year in Review podcast episode here.<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"

Photo by Nathan Wolfe on Unsplash<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

Hemp.<\/strong><\/p>\n

The big story for 2019 is hemp.\u00a0 The 2018 Farm Bill paved the way for legal hemp production in the United States.\u00a0 Most individual states have made changes to their laws that have set the stage for hemp to be produced in the majority of US states.\u00a0 However, as my dad would say, there is still a long row to hoe.\u00a0 Before hemp can be produced\u00a0 under the provisions of the 2018 Farm Bill, there will have to be state-level production plans in place that have been approved by the USDA, or for states not planning to submit a state-level plan, growers will have to follow a federal USDA plan.\u00a0 The Interim Final Rule was published last month, instructing states on what must be included in their plans. [Click here<\/a> for summary of Interim Final Rule and here<\/a> for a video summary.]\u00a0 Once plans have been approved by the USDA, states will then need to get their licensing or permitting procedures up and running before growers can legally start producing.<\/p>\n

Beef checkoff litigation.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Litigation related to the beef checkoff program continues around the country. As beef producers know well, under the checkoff program, a mandatory $1\/head assessment is paid when cattle are sold.\u00a0 Typically, half of that payment is retained by the qualified state beef council and the other half is remitted by the council to the national organization, the Cattleman\u2019s Beef Board.<\/p>\n

R-Calf initially filed suit in the United States District Court for the District of Montana, R-CALF v. Perdue<\/em>, challenging the requirement that producers pay checkoff money to the Montana Beef Council.\u00a0 Specifically, R-Calf argued this requirement violates the First Amendment because the Montana Beef Council is a private entity that engages in speech.\u00a0 Further, they argue, there is no mechanism allowing plaintiffs to elect to have their full assessment paid to the Cattleman\u2019s Beef Board if the plaintiffs object to the messaging by the Montana Beef Council.<\/p>\n

The beef councils argue, among other things, that their messaging is not private speech, but is instead government speech and point to a memorandum of understanding entered into between the Montana Beef Council and other state beef councils with the USDA to provide USDA oversight and approval for any messaging from the state beef councils.\u00a0 This issue of whether the speech is private or government is critical, as prior United States Supreme Court rulings have found that compelled government speech does not implicate the First Amendment, whereas compelled private speech does raise First Amendment concerns.<\/p>\n

During this litigation, R-Calf sought and was granted a preliminary injunction requiring all checkoff payments made by Montana producers be sent to the Cattlemen\u2019s Beef Board unless producers specifically indicate they wish for a portion of their checkoff payment be retained by the Montana Beef Council.<\/p>\n

The Montana lawsuit was then expanded to request a permanent injunction in Montana for the funding of state beef councils in 13 additional states (HI, IN, KS, NE, NV, NY, NC, PA, SC, SD, TX, VT, WI). Thus far, no similar injunctions have been issued in these other states, although they have been requested by R-Calf.<\/p>\n

WOTUS definition.<\/strong><\/p>\n

If my math is correct, this marks the fourth year of the controversy surrounding the definition of \u201cWaters of the United States\u201d under the Clean Water Act making this list.\u00a0\u00a0 A brief summary of the issue is that the Clean Water Act gives federal jurisdiction to the Environmental Protection Agency and the US Army Corps of Engineers over \u201cwaters of the United States.\u201d\u00a0 As such, to do certain activities on a WOTUS, a federal permit is required.\u00a0 What the Clean Water Act failed to do, however, is define the meaning of \u201cWOTUS.\u201d\u00a0 This has been the source of legal disputes lasting several decades.<\/p>\n

In 2015, the EPA promulgated a new regulation that did define WOTUS. Numerous lawsuits were filed related to this definition, various stays and injunctions have been issued, and several courts have ruled on various issues, including most recently Georgia v. Wheeler<\/em>, where the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia hold that the rule was both procedurally and substantively invalid.<\/p>\n

Currently, the 2015 Rule has been rescinded by a final agency rule-making from the EPA effective December 23, 2019. Thus, barring any injunctions or other court action, as of December 23, the 2015 rule will not be in effect anywhere in the United States.\u00a0 Instead, landowners are left with the pre-2015 WOTUS approach that led to years\u2019 worth of litigation.<\/p>\n

Meanwhile, the Trump administration is working on crafting a new WOTUS definition.\u00a0 They released their proposed draft to the public last December and took public comment through April 15, 2019.\u00a0 After reviewing the comments received, the agencies will issue a final rule imposing a new WOTUS definition.\u00a0 It is all but certain litigation will follow, meaning we will likely make it 5 years in a row talking about this issue next December.<\/p>\n

Groundwater as a Conduit.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sticking with the Clean Water Act topic, another major issue this year is whether indirect discharges from a point source into groundwater that eventually reaches a Water of the United States fall within the jurisdiction of the Clean Water Act.\u00a0 If so, a NPDES permit would be required for each discharge.\u00a0 There have been a number of federal court rulings on this issue, which have created a circuit split. For more background on these cases, click here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

One of these cases,\u00a0Maui County v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund<\/em>, was argued before the United States Supreme Court in November.\u00a0 In that case, the County of Maui pumped effluent into injection wells.\u00a0 The effluent went into the groundwater and then made its way into the Pacific Ocean.\u00a0 The Hawaii Wildlife Fund filed suit, claiming that the County needed a NPDES permit for the injection wells.\u00a0 At oral argument, the County essentially argued that it is only direct discharges that require a permit, meaning that no permits are required for discharges into groundwater.\u00a0 On the flip side, the Hawaii Wildlife Fund argued that any discharge that was “fairy traceable” from the Water of the United States back to the point source required a permit.\u00a0 I was able to attend the oral arguments in this case, and recorded a podcast episode with several other ag lawyers who were in attendance to get our thoughts, impressions, and predictions on how the case may come out.\u00a0 To listen to that podcast episode, click here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The Opinion in this case should be released by June 2020, and depending on the decision and the way it is written, there is the potential to have major impacts on the agricultural industry nationwide.<\/p>\n

Endangered Species Act revisions. <\/strong><\/p>\n

In August of this year, the Department of the Interior announced significant changes to the Endangered Species Act.\u00a0 Some of the most significant changes included: (1) allowing consideration of economic impacts when determining whether a species should be listed as endangered; (2) requiring that a \u201ccritical habitat\u201d be an area actually occupied by the listed species or for an unoccupied area a showing be made that the currently occupied area is inadequate to ensure survival; (3) the protections of animals deemed \u201cendangered\u201d will no longer automatically apply to species listed as \u201cthreatened\u201d; and (4) to be listed as \u201cthreatened\u201d factors considered must be \u201clikely\u201d to occur, rather than just foreseeable.<\/p>\n

Shortly after the new rule was published, a number of environmental and animal rights groups filed suit \u00a0in Center for Biological Diversity, et al. v. Bernhardt<\/em>, challenging the new regulations.\u00a0 Specifically, the lawsuit filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California claims the new rules violate the National Environmental Policy Act, the Administrative Procedures Act, and the Endangered Species Act.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Each December, we look back at the biggest ag law developments for the year.\u00a0 It was another busy year in the agricultural law realm.\u00a0 Here were some of the key stories. Also, if you’d like to listen to Paul Goeringer and I discuss these issues and more, be sure to check out our 2019 Ag Law Year in Review podcast episode here. Hemp. The big story for 2019 is hemp.\u00a0 The 2018 Farm Bill paved the way for legal hemp production in the United States.\u00a0 Most individual states… Read More →<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2444,"featured_media":8227,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8226","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n2019 Year in Review - Texas Agriculture Law<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasaglaw\/2019\/12\/09\/2019-year-in-review\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"2019 Year in Review - Texas Agriculture Law\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Each December, we look back at the biggest ag law developments for the year.\u00a0 It was another busy year in the agricultural law realm.\u00a0 Here were some of the key stories. 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