{"id":648,"date":"2013-10-22T15:50:30","date_gmt":"2013-10-22T20:50:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasaglaw\/?p=648"},"modified":"2026-04-17T15:35:47","modified_gmt":"2026-04-17T20:35:47","slug":"texas-water-basics-of-groundwater-law","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasaglaw\/2013\/10\/22\/texas-water-basics-of-groundwater-law\/","title":{"rendered":"Texas Water: Basics of Groundwater Law"},"content":{"rendered":"

***This article is not a substitute for the advice of an attorney.***<\/span><\/p>\n

Today we will continue on in our Texas Water series by looking at the law applicable to Texas groundwater.\u00a0 Be sure to check out the prior posts on Texas surface water law<\/a>\u00a0and on current issues in Texas surface water<\/a> if you missed them.<\/p>\n

What is groundwater?\u00a0<\/span> <\/strong><\/p>\n

Groundwater is defined as “water percolating below the surface of the earth” but not including subterranean\u00a0streams or rivers.\u00a0 (Note:\u00a0 Like above ground rivers, subterranean rivers in Texas would be state-0wned.\u00a0 To date, however, no subterranean river has been identified in Texas and, thus, at least until this type of river is identified, all underground water is treated as percolating.)<\/p>\n

Most underground water is held in\u00a0aquifers.\u00a0\u00a0 The nine major aquifers\u00a0hold 97% of the groundwater in Texas\u00a0are:\u00a0 Ogallala, Gulf Coast, Edwards, Carrizo-Wilcox, Trinity, Edwards-Trinity, Seymour, Hueco-Mesilla, Bloson, and\u00a0Cenozoic Pecos Alluvium.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

How Is Groundwater Used?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Of the 17 million acre-feet of water used by Texans each year,\u00a060%\u00a0(approximately 10.2 million acre-feet) is groundwater.<\/p>\n

Of the groundwater used, 80% (approximately\u00a08.16 million acre-feet) of the water is used for agricultural irrigation for approximately 6.3 million acres of irrigated agricultural land.<\/p>\n

Another 15% (1.53 million acre-feet) is used by municipalities.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Photo via Jennifer Blackburn, National Sorghum Producers<\/p><\/div>\n

Who Owns the Groundwater?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Landowners in Texas own the water beneath their property.\u00a0 See <\/em>Texas Water Code Section 36.002.\u00a0 Moreover, recent case law makes clear that a landowner owns not only the water that emerges from the ground, but the water in place underground as well.\u00a0 When water is taken, or even in\u00a0some cases where regulations limit the ability to\u00a0pump groundwater, a landowner may be able to assert a takings claim\u00a0because he or she is deprived\u00a0of his or her property right in\u00a0the water underlying the land.\u00a0 This is in sharp contrast to surface water, which is owned by the State of Texas in trust for the public and may only be used after a permit is obtained.<\/p>\n

What Is The\u00a0Rule of Capture?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Groundwater\u00a0in\u00a0Texas is governed by the legal doctrine known as the Rule of Capture.\u00a0 The Rule of Capture essentially provides that because a landowner also owns the water beneath his property, the landowner\u00a0has the right to pump as much water as he wishes even at the expense of his neighbor.\u00a0\u00a0Under the Rule of Capture, a landowner needs no permit to drill a well and pump groundwater, and he may pump as much water as he may beneficially use even if that causes his neighbor’s well to go dry.\u00a0 He may also sell the water withdrawn from the ground for use at any location.\u00a0 What is the remedy for a neighbor who worried about his well going dry?\u00a0 Drill a bigger\/deeper well. \u00a0In light of this, many refer to Texas groundwater law as the “law of the biggest pump.”<\/p>\n

Texas first adopted this law in 1904 in Houston & Texas Central Railway Co. v. East<\/em>.\u00a0 In that case, Mr. East owned a shallow well on his property.\u00a0 The railroad drilled a larger, deeper well on its neighboring property, which pumped so much water that it caused Mr. East’s well to go dry.\u00a0 Mr. East sued, but the Texas Supreme Court found in favor of the railroad company.\u00a0 The court held that under Texas groundwater law, a person who owns the land may drill a well and use the water from that well, even if such uses cause\u00a0his neighbor’s\u00a0well to go dry.<\/p>\n

\"199168_883526967882_6341092_n\"<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Are there any limits on the Rule of Capture?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Yes.\u00a0 Not surprisingly, there are various limits on the Rule of Capture.\u00a0 Although a landowner owns the water beneath his or her property, this does not give the landowner the right to capture a specific amount of groundwater, nor does it allow the landowner to commit acts\u00a0thath result in waste or\u00a0subsidence.\u00a0 See <\/em>Texas Water Code\u00a0Section 36.002\u00a0 The limitations fall into two categories:\u00a0 (1) common law exceptions and (2) Legislative exceptions.<\/p>\n

Common Law Exceptions:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/em>There are\u00a0five common law exceptions to the Rule of Capture that limit a landowner’s right to pump groundwater.\u00a0 First, a landowner may not “maliciously take water for the sole purpose of injuring his neighbor.”\u00a0 Second, a landowner may not “wantonly and willfully waste” groundwater.\u00a0 Third, a landowner may not negligently drill or pump from a well in a manner that causes subsidence on his neighbor’s property.\u00a0 Fourth,\u00a0a landowner may not pump from a contaminated well.\u00a0 Finally, a landowner my not trespass onto another’s land in order to pump groundwater.\u00a0 If a landowner’s pumping falls within one of these exceptions, he is not protected by the Rule of Capture and may be required to cease pumping or be liable for damages.\u00a0 (Three of these exceptions were essentially codified in 2011 and are now part of the Texas Water Code.\u00a0 Under the statute, a landowner may not “cause waste, cause malicious drainage, or negligently cause subsidence.”)\u00a0 See<\/em> Texas Water Code Section 36.002.<\/p>\n

Legislative Exceptions:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/em>Due to a Constitutional Amendment in 1917 known as the Conservation Amendment, the Texas Legislature has\u00a0the duty to preserve and conserve all of Texas’\u00a0natural resources.\u00a0 This includes the power to regulate the drilling and pumping of groundwater.\u00a0 The Legislature decided that the “preferred method of groundwater management” in Texas\u00a0is\u00a0through local Groundwater Conservation Districts.\u00a0\u00a0See<\/em> Texas Water Code Section 36.0015.\u00a0\u00a0These GCDs are able to enact rules and regulations, including requiring permits, metering, and limitations on the amount of water that may be withdrawn in their area.\u00a0 See<\/em> Texas Water Code Section 36.0015.\u00a0 Much of the groundwater in Texas falls under the authority of a GCD.\u00a0 GCDs will be the topic of a forthcoming blog post.<\/p>\n

Upcoming Blog Posts in Texas Water Series<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

In the coming weeks, blog posts will address:\u00a0 (1)\u00a0Groundwater Conservation Districts in Texas, including their purpose, method of creation, rule surrounding their meetings and actions, and wells and areas exempt from their reach; and (2) Current issues in groundwater law.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

***This article is not a substitute for the advice of an attorney.*** Today we will continue on in our Texas Water series by looking at the law applicable to Texas groundwater.\u00a0 Be sure to check out the prior posts on Texas surface water law\u00a0and on current issues in Texas surface water if you missed them. What is groundwater?\u00a0 Groundwater is defined as “water percolating below the surface of the earth” but not including subterranean\u00a0streams or rivers.\u00a0 (Note:\u00a0 Like above ground rivers, subterranean rivers in Texas would be state-0wned.\u00a0… Read More →<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2444,"featured_media":655,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-648","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-water-law"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nTexas Water: Basics of Groundwater Law - Texas Agriculture Law<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasaglaw\/2013\/10\/22\/texas-water-basics-of-groundwater-law\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Texas Water: Basics of Groundwater Law - Texas Agriculture Law\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"***This article is not a substitute for the advice of an attorney.*** Today we will continue on in our Texas Water series by looking at the law applicable to Texas groundwater.\u00a0 Be sure to check out the prior posts on Texas surface water law\u00a0and on current issues in Texas surface water if you missed them. 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