{"id":3650,"date":"2016-02-15T01:09:38","date_gmt":"2016-02-15T07:09:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasaglaw\/?p=3650"},"modified":"2026-04-17T15:28:27","modified_gmt":"2026-04-17T20:28:27","slug":"united-states-supreme-court-will-hear-important-clean-water-act-case","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasaglaw\/2016\/02\/15\/united-states-supreme-court-will-hear-important-clean-water-act-case\/","title":{"rendered":"SCOTUS Watch 2016: US Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes"},"content":{"rendered":"

Today we will kick off a two-part blog series titled SCOTUS Watch. \u00a0In this series, we will look at cases before the United States Supreme Court this term that will have an impact on agriculture. \u00a0Two cases will be heard this term, one involving the Clean Water Act and the other regulatory takings. \u00a0Let’s get started.<\/p>\n

The United States Supreme Court has agreed to consider\u00a0US Army Corps of Engineer v. Hawkes Co.<\/em>, an important Clean Water Act (CWA) case. \u00a0This case involves a topic much discussed recently–“waters of the United States.” \u00a0Unlike the issues surrounding the EPA and Corps of Engineers (COE)’s new definition of what constitutes a water of the United States, this case looks at what a person can do if his or her property is deemed a water of the United States and the landowner disagrees with this determination.<\/p>\n

\"Supreme<\/a><\/p>\n

Legal Background<\/strong><\/p>\n

Under the CWA, the Environmental Protection Agency and US Army Corps of Engineers (COE) are given authority over all waters of the United States. \u00a0Specifically,\u00a0if a person wishes to discharge point source pollutants into a water of the US\u00a0or seeks to discharge dredge and fill material into a water of the US, he or she must obtain a federal permit from the EPA. \u00a0The Hawkes<\/em> case specifically involves the discharge of dredge and fill material, governed by Section 404 of the CWA.<\/p>\n

Before engaging in activities that would result in the discharged of dredge and fill material, landowners may seek a determination from the COE, formally called an “approved jurisdictional determination” as to whether waters on their particular property constitute a water of the US,\u00a0such that a permit is required.\u00a0 \u00a0If the COE’s approved jurisdictional determination finds that waters of the US are present on a landowner’s property, the landowner may want to challenge this decision in court. \u00a0Whether he has the right to make this challenge at this point in time, rather than waiting until a permit is obtained or an enforcement action is undertaken, is the key issue in this case.<\/p>\n

Factual Background<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hawkes seeks to mine peat on 530 acres in Minnesota. \u00a0\u00a0In February 2012, the COE issued an approved jurisdictional determination concluding the property contained waters of the US and was subject to CWA jurisdiction. \u00a0This was administratively appealed and a revised opinion issued in December 2012, concluding that 150 acres constitute a water of the United States.<\/p>\n

Unhappy with this determination, Hawkes filed this lawsuit alleging that the determination was incorrect. \u00a0The COE responded seeking dismissal because their jurisdictional determination was not a formal agency action for which judicial review was allowed.<\/span><\/p>\n

The trial court dismissed the appeal, finding that the determination was not a final agency action allowing judicial review\u00a0because it did not meet the second factor APA required for review. \u00a0The appellate court (the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals), reversed this decision, holding that a jurisdictional determination is a reviewable final agency action under the APA. \u00a0The COE appealed to the United States Supreme Court.<\/p>\n

Importantly, this decision created what is known as circuit spit–meaning that different federal appellate courts have reached opposite results. \u00a0The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals and the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals previously found that a jurisdictional determination was not a final agency action, while the Eighth Circuit reached the opposite conclusion. \u00a0Oftentimes, it is the existence of a circuit split that prompts the US Supreme Court to hear a case.<\/p>\n

Supreme Court Case<\/strong><\/p>\n

The SCOTUS blog has a case page <\/a>that will allow you to keep up with filings in the case. \u00a0Additionally, here are links to review the Petition for Review<\/a> filed by the COE, Response <\/a>filed by Hawkes Co., and Reply<\/a> by the COE.<\/p>\n

\u00a0The case will be considered by the country’s highest Court this spring, with oral argument set for March 30. \u00a0A decision should be issued this summer.<\/p>\n

Why Do We Care?<\/strong><\/p>\n

This case seeks to answer a critical question regarding the rights of landowners to challenge the decision of the COE\/EPA that their property includes waters of the US, requiring a federal permit to undertake certain actions. \u00a0 Unfortunately, the same situation facing the development company could face agricultural producers as well.<\/p>\n

For example, if a producer wanted to construct a new stock tank or plow new ground and the COE determined there to be waters of the US involved, the producer could find himself in Hawkes\u2019 shoes.\u00a0 Without the option to appeal the determination to a court, the producer would have three undesirable choices: (1) He could abandon his plan to build the tank or plow the ground, hamstringing him with what he can do on his own property.\u00a0 (2) He could go through the permitting process to obtain the necessary federal Section 404 permit, but this could take years and thousands of dollars, meanwhile the cattle would not have the stock tank and the producer would not have his new field.\u00a0 (3) He could thumb his nose at the jurisdictional determination and proceed with his plans.\u00a0 If, however, the COE or EPA caught wind of this, they could begin an enforcement action against the farmer, who could face staggering fines of over $37,000 per day.<\/p>\n

Moreover, producers across the country are extremely concerned about the new seemingly extraordinarily broad definition of \u201cwaters of the United States\u201d adopted by the EPA and COE. \u00a0Although currently stayed and not in effect, if the \u00a0new definition of waters of the US\u00a0does go into effect, many producers could find themselves in the undesirable position of being told their property contains waters of the United States and needing to challenge that decision.\u00a0 Thus, the Court\u2019s forthcoming decision in Hawkes<\/em> is likely more important now than ever before.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Today we will kick off a two-part blog series titled SCOTUS Watch. \u00a0In this series, we will look at cases before the United States Supreme Court this term that will have an impact on agriculture. \u00a0Two cases will be heard this term, one involving the Clean Water Act and the other regulatory takings. \u00a0Let’s get started. The United States Supreme Court has agreed to consider\u00a0US Army Corps of Engineer v. Hawkes Co., an important Clean Water Act (CWA) case. \u00a0This case involves a topic much discussed recently–“waters of… Read More →<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2443,"featured_media":1763,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10,55,54],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3650","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-federal-regulations","category-scotus-watch","category-wotus"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSCOTUS Watch 2016: US Army Corps of Engineers v. 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