{"id":2664,"date":"2016-05-09T01:37:01","date_gmt":"2016-05-09T06:37:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasaglaw\/?p=2664"},"modified":"2016-05-04T13:37:59","modified_gmt":"2016-05-04T18:37:59","slug":"pesticide-drift-liability-part-1-potential-legal-theories","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasaglaw\/2016\/05\/09\/pesticide-drift-liability-part-1-potential-legal-theories\/","title":{"rendered":"Pesticide Drift Liability (Part 1): Potential Legal Theories"},"content":{"rendered":"

This time of year, questions pop up regarding the potential liability when pesticides drift onto another’s property. \u00a0For the next couple of weeks, we will look at various issues regarding spray drift liability. \u00a0This series\u00a0will focus only on civil claims brought between landowners, but it is important to note \u00a0the Texas Department of Agriculture enforces rules regarding spraying and can bring administrative action against persons who fail to comply with these regulations. \u00a0Producers should always ensure they follow the label instructions and TDA regulations when spraying any pesticide.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

There are multiple legal claims available to a landowner if pesticide drift occurs, including negligence, strict liability, trespass, and nuisance. \u00a0Let’s consider each potential claim under Texas law.<\/p>\n

Negligence<\/strong><\/p>\n

Negligence is the most common legal claim made when spray drift occurs. \u00a0Essentially, a person is liable for negligence when he or she fails to act as a reasonable person would and that causes damage to another. \u00a0In order to succeed on a negligence claim, a plaintiff must prove four elements: \u00a0duty, breach, causation, and damages. \u00a0Generally the two elements most at issue in a spray drift case are breach and causation. \u00a0To analyze whether a breach occurred, a jury will look at the facts surrounding the situation and determine if the defendant acted as a reasonable person would have. \u00a0If so, the duty was not breached and no negligence existed. \u00a0Commonly considered factors to make this determination include whether label requirements were followed, what the wind speed was at the time, whether precautions were taken to avoid drift, and the like. \u00a0 With regard to causation, this can be a difficult element to prove if there are a number of farmers in the area who have sprayed crops with the same pesticides during the same time period. \u00a0A plaintiff will need to show it was the defendant’s actions that caused his or her damage.<\/p>\n

Numerous Texas courts have considered the issue of negligence when drift occurs. \u00a0For example, in\u00a0Parker v. 3 Rivers Flying Service<\/em>, 220 S.W.3d 160 (Tex. Ct. App. – Eastland 2007), the\u00a0court\u00a0considered a negligence claim against an aerial applicator who sprayed malathion on cotton.\u00a0The evidence showed that the applicator stationed a ground observer near the field, the wind speed was under 10 miles per hour, the pilot inspected the plane before flight to ensure safety and functionality of spraying equipment, and before spraying, the pilot examined the field to ensure it was clear of people. \u00a0Because the plaintiff offered no evidence to show that the applicator acted unreasonably so as to breach his duty of care, the court granted summary judgment in favor of the applicator. \u00a0See also Ford v. Shallowater Airport<\/em>, 492 S.W.2d 655 (Tex. Ct. App. – Amarillo 1973); Kesler v. Merritt<\/em>, 368 S.W.2d 17 (Tex. Ct. App. – Amarillo 1963).<\/p>\n

Conversely, negligence was found based on the facts present in\u00a0Boyd v. Thompson-Hawyard<\/em>, 450 S.W.2d 937 (Tex. Ct. App. – Tyler 1970). \u00a0In that case, one farmer sued his neighbor claiming spray drift damaged his cotton crop. \u00a0The plaintiff introduced evidence that it was windy the day of application, the pilot knew there was a danger of drift, the product label warned against use near cotton fields, and witnesses reported smelling chemical on the plaintiffs’ field after the application occurred. \u00a0Based on these facts, the court concluded that the applicator acted unreasonably and was guilty of negligence. \u00a0See also Aerial Sprayers, Inc. v. King<\/em>, 317 S.W.2d 602 (Tex. Ct. App. – Amarillo 1958).<\/p>\n

Strict Liability<\/strong><\/p>\n

Strict liability applies in situations where an activity is so dangerous that even with extreme care, injury is likely to occur. \u00a0In these situations, the law reasons that liability is warranted regardless of how careful or reasonable the defendant acted. \u00a0The classic law\u00a0school example involves ownership of a tiger in one’s back yard. \u00a0Owning a tiger is so dangerous that courts do not care how careful or reasonable the person acted, if a plaintiff is injured by the tiger, liability will result. \u00a0\u00a0Many\u00a0jurisdictions have found\u00a0that strict liability should not apply to application of pesticides. \u00a0See, e.g.,\u00a0<\/em>Mangrum v. Pigue<\/em>, 198 S.W.3d 496 (Ark. 2004) (aerial spraying is not inherently dangerous, no strict liability cause of action available);\u00a0Dow Chemical v. Ebling<\/em>, 723 N.E.2d 881 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000) (strict liability not applicable to pesticide case);\u00a0see also<\/em> Terence J. Centner,\u00a0Damages from Pesticide Spray Drift under Trespass Law<\/em>, 41:1 Ecology Law Currents 1, 4 n.25 (2014). \u00a0On the other hand,\u00a0Oklahoma has\u00a0imposed a strict liability standard on aerial pesticide spraying. \u00a0In 1961, in\u00a0Young v. Darter<\/em>, the Oklahoma Supreme Court applied strict liability when a an herbicide sprayed on pastureland damaged a neighboring cotton field.<\/p>\n

The Texas Supreme Court has not addressed whether strict liability is a viable claim under Texas law. \u00a0Texas appellate courts seem to indicate strict liability may not be\u00a0available. \u00a0See Stull’s Chemicals v. Davis<\/em>, 263 S.W.2d 806 (Tex. Ct. App. – Dallas 1953) (“weed killer is not shown to be an inherently dangerous compound…in which event the manufacturer cannot be held to strict liability damages resulting from its negligent use”);\u00a0Sun Pipe Line Co. v. Kirkpatrick<\/em>, 514 S.W.2d 789 (Tex. Ct. App. – Beaumont 1974) (“In each of the Texas crop dusting cases, where there has been no physical invasion of the plaintiff’s premises by the crop duster, the courts have uniformly required a finding of negligence as a condition precedent to imposition of liability.”).<\/p>\n

Trespass<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trespass is the unauthorized entry of a\u00a0person or substance onto another person’a land. \u00a0Thus, a plaintiff must prove that something or someone entered their property without the owner’s consent. Texas law appears to recognize trespass claims when spray drift is involved. \u00a0In\u00a0Dallas Flood Control District v. Fowler<\/em>, 280 S.W.2d 336 (Tex. Ct. App. – Waco 1955), the court held that trespass occurred when 2-4D was sprayed on the defendant’s land and drifted causing damage to the plaintiff’s property. \u00a0See also Schronk v. Gilliam<\/em>, 380 S.W.2d 743 (Tex. Ct. App. – Waco 1964).<\/p>\n

One important note, however, is that the Texas Right to Farm Act could apply to this type of claim. \u00a0The Right to Farm Act offers an affirmative defense to agricultural operations against whom nuisance suits have been filed. \u00a0[Read more here<\/a>.] \u00a0In order for the defense to be successful, the defendant must show that the operation has existed substantially unchanged for at least one year and that it is not violating state or federal laws. \u00a0Thus far, no Texas cases have addressed the application of Right to Farm in the spray drift context.<\/p>\n

Nuisance<\/strong><\/p>\n

Finally, nuisance could be a potential claim for a plaintiff if spray drift occurs. \u00a0Nuisance exists if the defendant’s actions substantially interfere with the plaintiff’s use and enjoyment of his or her own property. \u00a0Courts in California and Minnesota have indicated that nuisance claims may be available to plaintiffs in spray drift cases. \u00a0See Johnson v. Paynesville Farmers Union Coop. Oil Co.<\/em>, 817 N.W.2d 693 (Minn. 2012) (plaintiff’s nuisance claim was viable);\u00a0Jacobs Farm\/Del Cabo, Inc. v. W. Farm Serv. Inc.<\/em>, 119 Ca.. Rptr. 3d 529 (Cal. Ct. App. 2010 (nuisance claim was viable).\u00a0 To date, no Texas spray drift cases have involved a nuisance claim. \u00a0Like, trespass, the Right to Farm statute could provide an affirmative defense against nuisance claims.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

This time of year, questions pop up regarding the potential liability when pesticides drift onto another’s property. \u00a0For the next couple of weeks, we will look at various issues regarding spray drift liability. \u00a0This series\u00a0will focus only on civil claims brought between landowners, but it is important to note \u00a0the Texas Department of Agriculture enforces rules regarding spraying and can bring administrative action against persons who fail to comply with these regulations. \u00a0Producers should always ensure they follow the label instructions and TDA regulations when spraying any pesticide…. Read More →<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":908,"featured_media":3915,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[52],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2664","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pesticide-drift"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPesticide Drift Liability (Part 1): Potential Legal Theories - Texas Agriculture Law<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasaglaw\/2016\/05\/09\/pesticide-drift-liability-part-1-potential-legal-theories\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pesticide Drift Liability (Part 1): Potential Legal Theories - Texas Agriculture Law\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This time of year, questions pop up regarding the potential liability when pesticides drift onto another’s property. \u00a0For the next couple of weeks, we will look at various issues regarding spray drift liability. \u00a0This series\u00a0will focus only on civil claims brought between landowners, but it is important to note \u00a0the Texas Department of Agriculture enforces rules regarding spraying and can bring administrative action against persons who fail to comply with these regulations. \u00a0Producers should always ensure they follow the label instructions and TDA regulations when spraying any pesticide.... 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