{"id":10529,"date":"2021-09-20T01:48:19","date_gmt":"2021-09-20T06:48:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasaglaw\/?p=10529"},"modified":"2026-04-17T15:16:29","modified_gmt":"2026-04-17T20:16:29","slug":"waters-of-the-united-states-update","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasaglaw\/2021\/09\/20\/waters-of-the-united-states-update\/","title":{"rendered":"Waters of the United States Update"},"content":{"rendered":"

For those of you following along with the ongoing saga surrounding the definition of “waters of the United States” pursuant to the Clean Water Act, there have been several recent rulings and happenings of which you will want to be aware.<\/p>\n

\"\"

Photo by Luiz Felipe Zirbes<\/a> on Unsplash<\/a> <\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

Background\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Clean Water Act, passed in 1972, gave federal jurisdiction to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Army Corps of Engineers (COE) over \u201cwaters of the United States.\u201d\u00a0 Essentially, a person who wishes to do certain activities in a water of the United States\u2014such as point source discharge of pollutants or discharging dredge and fill materials\u2014must obtain a federal permit in order to do so.\u00a0 The Act, however, offered no explanation of what was included in the definition of a \u201cwater of the United States.\u201d\u00a0 Not surprisingly, this proved problematic.<\/p>\n

Rapanos v. US Army Corps of Engineers<\/em><\/p>\n

For the next forty years, it was left up to courts to address this issue.\u00a0 Several times, the issue of whether a wetland, isolated pond, or other water fell within the federal jurisdiction made its way to the United States Supreme Court.\u00a0 This culminated in 2006 in a case called\u00a0Rapanos v. US Army Corps of Engineers.\u00a0<\/em>[Read opinion\u00a0here<\/a>.]\u00a0 In that case, the Court had to determine whether wetlands, lying near ditches or drains that eventually emptied into a traditional navigable waterway, were considered WOTUS.\u00a0 In a complicated turn of events, the Court landed 4-1-4.\u00a0 Four justices, led by Antonin Scalia, held that the lower court applied the incorrect standard to determine if the wetlands were jurisdictional and articulated the correct standard as requiring a WOTUS to require a \u201crelatively permanent, standing, or continuously flowing body of water\u201d traditionally recognized as \u201cstreams, oceans, rivers and lakes\u201d that are connected to traditional bodies of water.\u00a0 Four justices held the opposite, finding that the proper analysis was to defer to the COE if they reasonably concluded that a wetland may affect water quality of adjacent lakes and streams.\u00a0 Breaking the 4-4 tie was Justice Anthony Kennedy.\u00a0 He issued a concurring opinion where he agreed with the outcome reached by the Scalia group, but not their reasoning.\u00a0 He would analyze whether a wetland was a WOTUS by determining if it possessed a \u201csignificant nexus\u201d to waters that are navigable in fact.\u00a0 This opinion offered little clarity, and disputes continued.<\/p>\n

2015 Obama WOTUS Rule\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

In 2015, the Obama administration promulgated a regulation defining WOTUS.\u00a0 The definition was seemingly more broad than prior case law.\u00a0 Almost immediately, lawsuits began pouring in across the United States, claiming that the new definition was overly broad and exceeded the scope of authority granted to the agencies pursuant to the Clean Water Act.\u00a0 Various decisions were issued, several of which found the WOTUS Rule to be invalid.\u00a0 When the WOTUS Rule was replaced by the Trump administration’s NWPR Rule, no additional opinions were issued in these 2015 Rule challenges.<\/p>\n

2020 Trump NWPR Rule<\/em><\/p>\n

In 2020, the Trump administration published the Navigable Waters Protection Rule, offering a definition of “waters of the United States” that was narrower than that of the 2015 WOTUS Rule.\u00a0 [Read more detail here<\/a>.]\u00a0\u00a0 Again, lawsuits flowed into courthouses around the country.<\/p>\n

Biden Administration’s 2021 Announcement<\/em><\/p>\n

In June 2021, the Biden administration announced that it would be going back to the drawing board in order to craft its own definition.\u00a0 Listening sessions were scheduled and public comment encouraged from around the country. [Read notice here<\/a>.]<\/p>\n

Arizona Decision<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Pasqua Yaqui Tribe sued the EPA and challenged two Trump administration rules, the first repealing the 2015 WOTUS definition and the second the Navigable Water Protection Rule. A number of parties intervened as defendants in the case.\u00a0 On August 30, the US District Court for the District of Arizona issued an order in the case. [Read order here<\/a>.]<\/p>\n

The EPA sought voluntary remand of the Navigable Waters Protection Rule while it works on a new definition as directed by President Biden.\u00a0 The Tribe and most of the intervenors did not oppose this request for voluntary remand.\u00a0 One intervening party, the Sacketts, did object to the request to remand the NWPR to the extent it remands the “adjacent wetlands” definition of the NWPR. The Court noted that agencies generally can request a voluntary remand to reconsider an action so long as it is not frivolous or made in bad faith.\u00a0 Here, there was no evidence of that, so the court granted the request for voluntary remand.<\/p>\n

Next, was the issue of vacatur.\u00a0 The Tribe requested the court vacate the NWPR as part of the remand.\u00a0 The EPA did not seek a vacatur.\u00a0 All of the intervening parties urged the court to reject Plaintiffs’ request.\u00a0 Generally, under precedent set by the US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, when a cause is remanded a vacatur is also issued. The court looked to the parties claims in analyzing whether a vacatur was proper.\u00a0 The Plaintiffs expressed concern that the NWPR disregarded established science and the advice of the EPA’s own experts.\u00a0 The EPA expressed concerns about whether the NWPR adequately considered the statutory objectives and the impact it could have on the integrity of the nation’s waters.\u00a0 These arguments, the court reasoned, were not mere procedural errors or issues that could be resolved with further explanation.\u00a0 Instead, they involve “fundamental, substantive flaws that cannot be cured without revising or replacing the NWPR’s definition of waters of the United States.”\u00a0 Further, the court noted that without vacatur, there was the potential of serious environmental harm based on EPA statistics showing a number of properties that would be jurisdictional prior to the NWPR definition.\u00a0 Thus, the court relied upon the likelihood that the EPA will alter the NWPR definition, the seriousness of the errors made in enacting the NWPR, and the possibility of environmental harm if the NWPR remained in place on remand all justified the remedy of vacatur.<\/p>\n

Thus, the court granted the EPA’s voluntary motion for remand the NWPR rule and vacated the NWPR.<\/p>\n

Massachusetts Decision<\/strong><\/p>\n

Just two days after the Arizona decision was issued, a Massachusetts federal trial court issued an order remanding the NWPR and dismissing a legal challenge to the rule filed by the Conservation Law Foundation. [Read order here<\/a>.]\u00a0 The court noted that in light of the Arizona decision, “the most orderly means for me to assist in resolving the larger dispute over the Rule is to remand this case to the agencies and correlatively dismiss it without separately addressing the merits to which the litigation is in an advanced state in the District of Arizona.”<\/p>\n

EPA Statement<\/strong><\/p>\n

In early September, the EPA published a notice on its website titled “Definition of ‘Waters of the United States’: Rule Status and Litigation Update.”\u00a0 The notice stated that the EPA was aware of the Arizona ruling vacating the NWPR and, in light of that decision, “the agencies have halted implementation of the Navigable Waters Protection Rule and are interpreting ‘waters of the United States’ consistent with the pre-2015 regulatory regime until further notice.”\u00a0 The agencies are continuing with the rulemaking process and intend to draft a “durable definition of ‘waters of the United States’ that is informed by diverse perspectives and based on an inclusive foundation.”<\/p>\n

So What Does All This Mean?<\/strong><\/p>\n

For landowners, it means that the Clean Water Act’s definition of “waters of the United States” will currently be interpreted under the pre-2015 WOTUS Rule approach.\u00a0 In other words, it will essentially be back to the approach under\u00a0Rapanos<\/em>.<\/p>\n

The frustration for landowners lies in the continuing changes that make it nearly impossible for a landowner to know whether his or her property may be considered subject to the Clean Water Act jurisdiction at a given time.\u00a0 Unfortunately, it seems unlikely that the uncertainty and litigation will end any time soon.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

For those of you following along with the ongoing saga surrounding the definition of “waters of the United States” pursuant to the Clean Water Act, there have been several recent rulings and happenings of which you will want to be aware. Background\u00a0 The Clean Water Act, passed in 1972, gave federal jurisdiction to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Army Corps of Engineers (COE) over \u201cwaters of the United States.\u201d\u00a0 Essentially, a person who wishes to do certain activities in a water of the United States\u2014such as point… Read More →<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2444,"featured_media":10531,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,54],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10529","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-water-law","category-wotus"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWaters of the United States Update - Texas Agriculture Law<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/agrilife.org\/texasaglaw\/2021\/09\/20\/waters-of-the-united-states-update\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Waters of the United States Update - Texas Agriculture Law\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"For those of you following along with the ongoing saga surrounding the definition of “waters of the United States” pursuant to the Clean Water Act, there have been several recent rulings and happenings of which you will want to be aware. 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